Outsourcing and Offshoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing and Offshoring - Essay Example The changes at WW Company are in a bid to achieve 5% economic growth and cut down costs by 5%. The company believes that an incorporation of information technologies will enable it perform competitively in the transportation and distribution industry. In the restructuring process, WW has identified an area in service delivery and customer relationship that would highly benefit the company in achieving its goals. Firstly, the company has identified its existing operational systems as slow and duly lacking in optimal service delivery. Employees in various departments complain of too much work load in accurately feeding the systems with data. They say that the system is error prone due to the fact that most of the input work is done by the employees who are likely to make inaccurate entries. Additionally, employees complain that the existent systems are too slow in execution of tasks, thereby causing a hold up in work management and service delivery. The new changes in IT have seen a range of projects span up at WW. Among the projects includes the development of a Customer Relationship Management Software. Right before the introduction of the changes at WW, the management had a meeting where they decided to change the company’s strategic plan. The changes in strategic planning were essential in that they would suit the new direction that the company was taking, which involved incorporation of information technology. With the introduction of IT at WW, all systems would go upgrades and re-specification so as to ensure that they perform as expected. Additionally, the newly hired Chief Information Officer of WW was expected to introduce technological systems in areas where they had not yet been explored in the company. This includes the newly proposed Customer Relationship Management Software. The proposed project involves

The Integrated Curriculum Model Education Essay

The Integrated Curriculum Model Education Essay William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model, the Parallel Curriculum Model, and the Integrated Curriculum Model are advanced, progressive curriculum models, which contribute to a consistent improvement of the learning process, engaging students in learning and encouraging them to learn more and more successfully. In this regard, principles and components of these models are very important for the overall success of the learning process. At this point, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model attempts to apply a combination of the Parallel Curriculum Model and the Integrated Curriculum Model. On analyzing, the three models, it is possible to distinguish some common principles and components. First of all, the three curriculum models focus on the self-development of students, which is extremely important today, when students are overwhelmed with a huge amount of information and they need to process information to obtain knowledge and generate new ones. What is meant here is the fact that modern students cannot rely on their educators solely. Instead, they should focus on self-development and this is exactly what the three curriculum models are concerned with. Students obtain a lot of information from the outside world and they have to be able to process the information to accumulate knowledge and to generate new knowledge on the ground of acquired one and their own experience. As a result, students, prove to come prepared to the life in the modern society, where information rules. Furthermore, all three models focus on the development of engaging curriculum. According to the three models, the main purpose of the curriculum is not only to help students to acquire new knowledge, develop new skills and abilities, but also to be engaged in the learning process. The latter means that students should be interested in the learning process and the three models focus on the engagement of students because a profound, sincere interest of students to the learning process increases the effectiveness of learning consistently. In this regard, the high motivation of students is another fundamental principle the three models follow strictly. The three models attempt to reach the high level of motivation through non-material encouragement of students. They focus on the revelation of good perspectives of personal and professional development for students. In addition, these models provide students with a positive feedback from their educators for any successes students reach in the course of their learning. At the same time, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model and the Integrated Curriculum Model focus on the use of the multidisciplinary approach, whereas the Parallel Curriculum Model tends to the intradisciplinary approach. The multidisciplinary approach leads to the close interaction between different disciplines. In practice, this means that students have to use their knowledge, skills, abilities and experience from different disciplines in the course of learning. For instance, while performing a task on history, they may need to use their knowledge of geography, language, mathematics, and other disciplines. The Parallel Curriculum Model tends to use the intradiscipline approach, which focuses on specific disciplines and helps students to expand their knowledge to focus on specific field, which are particularly interesting to them maintaining the correlation to other disciplines. Furthermore, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model and the Integrative Curriculum Model, in a way, focus on the use of art in the learning process. In this regard, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model is particularly concerned with the use of art. The use of art is closely intertwined with the aesthetic development of students, which is another concern of William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model and Integrated Curriculum Model. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that art and aesthetic development of students are extremely important in the contemporary society because students live in the highly materialistic world. The emerging consumerism leaves little room for the aesthetic education and art in the life of students. In such a situation, education should offer students an opportunity to learn and to understand art, to develop the non-material, aesthetic side of their personality. The use of art is particul arly useful for potentially gifted students. Therefore, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model uses art to reveal gifts of students and to help them to realize their full potential. Finally, all the three models use humanistic principles, which are also very important in the modern, consumerist society. In such a way, the three models attempt to return students to fundamental, humanistic principles, which lay the foundation to the modern western civilization. These humanistic principles are closely intertwined with democratic norms and principles, which are fundamental for the modern society. NEEDS ADDRESSED The three models pay a lot of attention to the development of critical and creative thinking. As the matter of fact, critical and creative thinking is essential for the extensive students personal development. Students receive a lot of information from the surrounding world but they have to evaluate the information critically to accumulate knowledge and to avoid fallacies, which they can fall in without critical thinking. At the same time, creative thinking, which is particularly important for William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model contributes to the broad development of students values, beliefs, norms and standards. In addition, creative thinking helps students to develop skills of effective problem solving. In fact, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model encourages creative students to realize their full potential because it is through students creativity they can realize their individuality. At the same time, the three models maintain the differentiation of students. What is meant here is the fact that all students have a different level of academic development, different psychological traits and characteristics, different gifts and inclinations. Therefore, the three models tend to develop differentiated curriculum to meet needs and wants of each students. In this regard, the individual approach to students is particularly effective and the three models attempt to find the individual approach to each student. Furthermore, the enrichment of students is another concern of the three models, although the Integrative Curriculum Model and the Parallel Curriculum Model focus on the academic development of students and stress the importance of the practical application of knowledge and skills acquired by students in the course of learning, they still focus on the enrichment and broad development of students. Unlike the Integrative Curriculum Model and the Parallel Curriculum Model, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model focuses not only on enrichment of practical knowledge, skills and abilities of students, but also on the development of aesthetic values and creativity of students. In addition, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model focuses on the acceleration of students development to help them to realize their talents. In this regard, the Integrative Curriculum Model and the Parallel Curriculum Model avoid excessive acceleration of students development because such acceleration affects consistently the personal development of students. Often the accelerated development can become an unbearable burden for students, they become too concerned with their learning and they face problems with their socialization because of the lack of free time. In addition, the three models focus on social and emotional needs of gifted and talented learners. The three models view social and emotional development as an essential element of education. Students need to undergo the process of socialization and develop the balanced, harmonious personality. The three models focus on motivation of students. They encourage students to learning and increase their interest to learning. In this regard, questioning is an important part of educational process because the three models stand on the ground that students should always question (VanTassel-Baska Brown, 2000). Through questioning, they learn how to find and obtain knew knowledge independently of educators. Finally, the three models focus on the use of technology in the process of education. Today, technology affects all spheres of human life. Therefore, students should come prepared to learn using new technologies and to develop new skills and abilities. In this regard, education helps students to use technology in their everyday life. ADVATNAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Obviously, each of the three models has its own advantages and disadvantages. On analyzing advantages of each model, it is worth mentioning the fact that William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model focuses on the development of talents of students. This model pays a lot of attention to the development of creativity of students. In addition, the model contributes to the creative development of students and to the formation of their aesthetic tastes, values, norms and standards. The Integrative Curriculum Model focuses on the use of multidisciplinary approach and contributes to the close integration of all disciplines (Avery VanTassel-Baska, 2001). As for the Parallel Curriculum Model, this model allows students to focus on the specific field they are interested in. On the other hand, each model has its own disadvantages. William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model tends to overestimate the aesthetic development of students and individual approach to each student, whereas the Parallel Curriculum Model focuses on the practical aspects of the development, underestimating the significance of creative and aesthetic development of students. The Integrative Curriculum Model does not always allow students to focus on the narrow, specific field, which may be helpful for their future professional development. BEST MODEL On comparing the three models, it is possible to distinguish William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model as the best model. Obviously, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model provides students with ample opportunities to realize their full potential. At the same time, educators can develop an individual approach to each student and develop their creativity. In such a way, educators can identify gifted students and develop their talents. Today, the creative development of students is essential because the highly technological society and information age raise the demand on creative professionals. In addition, William and Mary Center for Gifted Education Research Model helps to the personal development of students. As a result, this model contributes to the broad development of students, shapes their values, views, norms and standards. In fact, this model prepares students to the adult life and allows them to find their own way in the professional de velopment and in their personal life. Each student should be capable to realize his or her unique inclinations and capabilities.

Bilingual Education Essay -- essays research papers

Bilingual education was first initiated in 1968. It was a new means to educate the children who spoke a minority language. thirty-one years later the same problems exist for those children who speak a language other then English. The experiment of Bilingual education has been a failure and now it’s time to move on. The first English only initiatives were brought forth in 1981 by newly elected president Reagan. Since then the conflict over Bilingual education has drove on. Currently twenty-three states have â€Å"English Only† laws with 4 states having laws that are pending. The issue of bilingual education and the conflict that surrounds it is primarily focused between whites and Hispanics, although since the mid 70’s it’s also been involved with the Chinese and Mung cultures. Bilingual education has failed however, currently the movement is towards and English only educational system. The simple fact of the matter is that people who speak a language in th is country will never get ahead. We’ve tested the ignorant notion that you could get by without speaking English; or speaking English very minimally, but that’s promoting and even more ignorant idea which is that you don’t need speak English fluently to succeed in America. In 1968 we didn’t know that Bilingual Education wouldn’t work, however, it’s time to move on and do the right thing and switch to English Only.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lyndon Johnson was president, we had the futile dream of world peace, at the same time we were â€Å"Bombing the North Vietnamese into the stone-age†. In the final year of LBJ’s presidency sever new education initives were taken as part of the last step in his â€Å"Great Society† programs. One of these new initives was Bilingual education. At the time it was supported by the Liberal whites in this country, for the most part the conservative Hispanic sect was opposed to such measures. The idea at the time was, kids would learn in their native language and simply pick up English gradually. Those ideas were radicalized in the 1970’s however, the premise moved away from gradual learning of English; to English wasn’t really necessary. In 1981 Bilingual education came under assault from newly elected president Reagan proposed moving to the English Only system. The idea wasn’t viewed as Anti-Hispanic at the time, or as some kind of racist proposal. Reagan was adored by a majority of th... ...and since 1908 printed exclusively in English by the United States Government. Teddy Roosevelt said in 1908 that â€Å"To print the American Constitution in any other language but English, would be like spitting in the face of our forefathers†. The Untied States Supreme Court has also ruled numerous times that English only laws do not violate the 1st amendment of our Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I personally believe that in our nation there needs to be a main language, not 3 or 4 or 1200. George Washington wasn’t giving orders at Valley Forge in Russian he was speaking English. Abe Lincoln didn’t give the Gettysburgh Address in Portuguese. It’s not to much to ask for every American citizen to be able to speak English fluently. No one is forced to live here, and if you refuse to adapt you probably shouldn’t be living here. If you want to speak German by all means go ahead and do so, but do it back in Germany. While you’re in America however, we speak English, and if you don’t know it you’re in trouble. The conflict is over rated. It’s not a matter of racism or of any other kind of hatred. It’s a simple matter of principle. American’s speak English it’s not to much to ask.

Favorite Family Get-Together

Getting together with family is something that most of us look forward to. Throughout the years our family has grown with all sorts of personalities, Making every get-together fun, interesting, and memorable. Even though I see my family quite often, our get-togethers are always quite entertaining. While we celebrate birthdays, holidays, special occasion, and new or old traditions, By far my three favorite are my mom's birthday, pumpkin carving contest, and New Year's.My first favorite family get together is my mom's birthday. No matter what day the week her birthday is my siblings and I always managed to gather our families enjoying my mom for dinner. It's indescribable how happy that makes her. We bring her favorite dish and pastry. At the dinner table we take turns to express our gratitude and I love for my mom. Throughout the night we gathered up and see her open the gift and read the card her grandkids made for her. Every year is a blessing to be able to enjoy that moment.My seco nd favorite family get together is our pumpkin carving contest. We came up with this tradition couple of years ago. Teams are formed by family and their kids, we help them carve their pumpkin into any character or picture of their choice. To make it fun we give out prices for the winning pumpkin. The children get so involved and become competitive that the competition gets quite interesting. The losers end up cleaning the mess left over from the carving process it became more popular with the kids as they grow older.The competition became more serious. But at the end of the contest everyone goes home with a great carved pumpkins. My third favorite family get together with the New Year's day. Our family celebrates not only for the upcoming new year But also for the year that ends. The children play throughout the night and the adults just relax, Conversation; Making it seem like we rarely see each other throughout the year. My family only consists of my immediate family.Making it mor e meaningful, private, and warming. The countdown to the new year is by far the best. We get in spirit, putting on hats, glasses, beads of the upcoming new year numbers. As a family we end the year and we welcome the new year with popping streamers, and loud horns, The most importantly as a family. Throughout the years our family get-togethers have become memorable. Celebrating birthdays traditional events and holidays makes our little families become one.

Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up

Title: DNA analysis Aim: a) Isolate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli b) Visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose Gel electrophoresis Objectives: * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify DNA by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to cleave DNA into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by gel electrophoresis * to compare the different DNA fragments generated by use of molecular markersAbstract This work describes a lysis method for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic DNA and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was noted that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal DNA several steps are taken into consideration. DNA was found to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave DNA which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA can be separate d into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis.The bacterial DNA was successfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed after running the gel. DNA analysis is a standard practice for defining paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. But in our context, DNA analysis is mainly used for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria are pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S.R; 1998). Nucleic acids encode information relating to cell structure and function. Cells have the ability to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5` carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1` position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only found in RNA and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F; 2002).Isolation of nucleic acid – three major types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, absorption methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will depend on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The separation of nucleic acids from proteins is generally accomplished due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged phosphate backbone makes the nucleic acids rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more hydrophobic (Allison L.A; 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine light on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer; 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density difference between the particles/macromolecules and the medium in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K; 2006).Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A buffer is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thus it is used to prevent any change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K; 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). Gel electrophoresis refers to using a gel as an ant convective mediu m and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most commonly used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein; however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials Used * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 24:1 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 1:1 (Buffer saturated phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl: 5M sterilized by autoclaving Sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) : 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wide bore pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer Methodology Each group carried out the following procedures: Used two 50ml sterile plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4’C. Combined pellets to give approximately 1g wet weight of cells. Washed the pellet, re-suspended it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvest ed the cells again as described above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min.Added 1000Â µL of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. Divided the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500Â µl of SDS. Gently mixed the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer saturated phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. Recovered the upper aqueous phase using a wide bore pipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear.Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% ethanol. Mixed thoroughly and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to precipitate. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to dissolve overnight at 4’C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to cool to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order; 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue colony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a white colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers After loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments.However we could not spool the DNA out of sol ution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile compound hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into smaller fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an identification dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers.After running the gel no observeable bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is helpful if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit possible contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K; 2009).Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be effective to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will dissolve in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often better to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and thus lower concentration is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate.Salts such as sodium chloride and ammonium acetate remove histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution turned cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012; sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent.It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes with these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J; 2005). This reduced chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for ‘sodium dodecyl sulfate' is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes.This will helped t he cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and expose the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA binding proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R; 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA (Wiser M.F; 2012). Molecular weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you may not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis: When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be maintained and lubricate the electrolyte. L oading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P.K, 2006; loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, giving it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might have been as a result of any of the following * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not connected to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow c olleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometimes left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyzed in the spectrophotometer.Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at room conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan.R, (1998), Biotechnology: An introduction, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York; MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), M icrobiology: A Systems Approach, 3rd edition; New York; MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYName Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 Program Biotechnology Level 2:1 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis

How to Write a Family History Project

How to Write a Family History Project Writing a family history may seem like a daunting task, but when the relatives start nagging, you can follow these five  easy steps to make your family history project a reality. Choose a Format What do you envision for your family history project? A simple photocopied booklet shared only with family members or a full-scale, hard-bound book to serve as a reference for other genealogists? Perhaps youd rather produce a family newsletter, cookbook, or website. Now is the time to be honest with yourself about the type of family history that meetings your needs and your schedule. Otherwise, youll have a half-finished product nagging you for years to come. Considering your interests, potential audience, and the types of materials you have to work with, here are some forms your family history can take: Memoir/Narrative: A combination of story and personal experience, memoirs,  and narratives do not need to be all-inclusive or objective. Memoirs usually focus on a specific episode or time period in the life of a single ancestor, while a narrative generally encompasses a group of ancestors.Cookbook: Share your familys favorite recipes while writing about the people who created them. A fun project to assemble, cookbooks help carry on the family tradition  of cooking and eating together.Scrapbook or Album: If youre fortunate enough to have a large collection of family photos and memorabilia, a scrapbook or photo album can be a fun way to tell your familys story. Include your photos in chronological order and include stories, descriptions, and family trees to complement the pictures. Most family histories are generally narrative in nature, with a combination of personal stories, photos, and family trees. Define the Scope Do you intend to write mostly about just one particular relative, or everyone in your family tree? As the author, you need to choose a focus for your family history book. Some possibilities include: Single Line of Descent:  Begin  with the earliest known ancestor for a particular surname and follows him/her through a single line of descent (to yourself, for example). Each chapter of your book would cover one ancestor or generation.All Descendants Of...:  Begin  with an individual or couple and cover all of their descendants, with chapters organized by generation. If youre focusing your family history on an immigrant ancestor, this is a good way to go.Grandparents:  Include  a section on each of your four grandparents, or eight great-grandparents, or sixteen great-great-grandparents if you are feeling  ambitious. Each individual section should focus on one grandparent and work backward through their ancestry or forward from his/her earliest known ancestor. Again, these suggestions can easily be adapted to fit your interests, time constraints,  and creativity. Set Realistic Deadlines Even though youll likely find yourself scrambling to meet them, deadlines force you to complete each stage of your project. The goal here is to get each piece done within a specified time frame. Revising and polishing can always be done later. The best way to meet these deadlines is to schedule writing time, just as you would a visit to the doctor or the hairdresser. Choose a Plot and  Themes Thinking of your ancestors as characters in your family  story, ask yourself: what problems and obstacles did they face? A plot gives your family history interest and focus. Popular family history plots and themes include: Immigration/MigrationRags to RichesPioneer or Farm LifeWar Survival Do Your Background Research If you want your family history to read more like a suspense novel than a dull, dry textbook,  it is important to make the reader feel like an eyewitness to your familys life. Even when your ancestors didnt leave accounts of their daily lives, social histories can help you learn about the experiences of people in a given time and place. Read town and city histories to learn what life was life during certain periods of interest.  Research timelines  of wars, natural disasters, and epidemics to see if any might have influenced your ancestors. Read up on the fashions, art, transportation, and common foods of the time. If you havent already, be sure to interview all of your living relatives. Family stories told in a relatives own words will add a personal touch to your book. Dont Be Afraid to Use Records and Documents Photos, pedigree charts, maps, and other illustrations can also add interest to family history and help break up the writing into manageable chunks for the reader. Be sure to include detailed captions for any photos or illustrations that you incorporate. Include an Index and Source Citations Source citations are an essential part of any family book, to both provide credibility to your research, and to leave a trail that others can follow to verify your findings.

Is Marketing For Introverts Unlock Your Potential

Is Marketing For Introverts Unlock Your Potential Always a shy child, my mother approached me during my high school career and informed me that I was to send in an application to the Hugh O’Brien Youth Leadership seminar. â€Å"I don’t want to go to that,† I informed her. â€Å"There will be lots of people I don’t know there.† â€Å"That’s precisely why you should go,† she said. And I did go. My mother knows half of the state of North Dakota, and is completely unafraid to approach them for a chat. I look down at the ground when I walk and hope no one will try to start a conversation. Clearly, we are different creatures. Back then, I was both introverted and shy, though I have (mostly) outgrown shyness through such things asyouth leadership seminars. However, the introversion- the desire to be alone much of the time- remains. And that’s perfectly OK. Introversion kind of took on a life of its own in recent years, partly thanks to the book â€Å"The Power Of Introverts In A World That Can’t Stop Talking† and its associated TED talk  by Susan Cain. Social media feeds were flooded with people proud to lay claim to their introversion, glad to have found a spokesperson so they didn’t have to say it. There’s even a website dedicated to the â€Å"Quiet Revolution†, people who aren’t much for talking who live in a world where noise and constant speech is both common and rewarded. â€Å"Why are all the introverts on social media?† my friend asked, when I pointed out this trend wave. â€Å"Wouldn’t that be the last place to be?† â€Å"That’s a good question.† Is Marketing For Introverts? Insider Advice To Unlock Your Potential Introversion 101 Being introverted is not the same as being shy. When my mom encouraged me to attend youth events, do public speaking in 4-H, and anything to get me used to communicating with people, she was trying to help me get over being shy. Shyness can be a crippling problem, but introversion is not. Introverts aren’t weird, awkward, social nerds, too serious, shy- those are all negatives. Introverts simply need and are energized by being alone. Introversion is, in the most pared down definition, getting more energy by not being around people. Introverts get more energy by not being around people. Here's how it works for #marketing.Introverts have a limited energy account when it comes to being around people, and when it’s used up, they are exhausted on all levels. They need to go away and be by themselves and recharge. According to Psychology Today, if you... Like being by yourself. Think and create better by yourself and not in groups. Lead best when your followers are self-starters. Are reluctant to volunteer or get involved in groups and be in the spotlight. (People looking at you, talking to and about you? Just no.) Are constantly being asked what your opinion is. (Because you seldom volunteer it, unlike extroverts who specialize in sharing their opinion.) Wear headphones or create barriers between you and others when out in public. (If you’re like me, you carry a book around to read because you like to read, and it also keeps people from talking to you most of the time.) Avoid angry or upset people. (Confrontation? Just no.) Get way more calls and emails than you receive. (Unless your job forces you to participate). Don’t initiate small talk and don’t want to chat casually when encountering other people. ...you are an introvert. More or less. There are always exceptions to how people shake out, but it’s a good general list of introverted qualities. Not everyone is an extrovert or an introvert; some of you are ambiverts. You have a bit of both going on. Take The Test: Are you an introvert or an extrovert? Take the online test to find out. The Requirements Of Content Marketing For Introverts What does the world of content marketing require, particularly from the vantage point of an introvert? 1. There will be marketing. I can never sell my own stuff. â€Å"That’s a nice painting, Julie. Is it for sale? I’d like to buy it.† And then I somehow manage to apologize for the painting existing and apologize for it being for sale. If the silence is sufficiently awkward, I may apologize for apologizing. Marketing is not second nature to me. I want Magic Sales, whose unicorn customers buy silently and with neither pursuit nor question of the seller, crossing my palm with silver and going on their way without trying to extrapolate a pound of conversation from me. #ContentMarketing requires people, talking, selling. Here's how to handle it as an introvert.Magic Sales are not marketing. Even blue moons whisper of their rarity. Traditional marketing means you have to go out and find people, talk to them to figure out what they want, and then figure out how to sell based on that. Or, if it is inbound marketing, you must start the conversation on your blog or social account, and then be prepared to talk and sell when people come to you. Either way, there’s going to be people, talking, and selling. Hard stuff for introverts. 2. There may be teams. Team and group work is common for content marketing. Teams for writing, for editing, for planning, for idea generation. We talk about teams on this blog all the time. Unfortunately, introverts don’t shine in these kinds of group settings. Being surrounded by people tires them, much less people talking. They don’t fight for their right to be heard, because they are working hard at conserving their energy instead of burning through it, and just being in a room with other people is sapping it. Brainstorming, in particular, can be frustrating because introverts often fall silent as extroverts run roughshod over the room. For this reason, I tend to use individual brainstorming techniques  more in my own work than in groups. But teamwork, unless you are a solo blogger, is inevitable. I usually tried to take a break after a meeting, or get off by myself to recharge so I could process the discussion I just heard. Or, if you know the meeting is about brainstorming ideas, for example, do your own brainstorming ahead of time, write it down, and bring it with you. Introvert marketer? Know your strengths and find time to work by yourself.In other words, you can’t get away from working in teams, but you can make the most of your alone time both by taking advantage of when you’re creatively best and by planning in alone time to recharge. Some people will see you as unfriendly, weird, or â€Å"not a team player† but you are not responsible for that. Lock an extrovert in a room by themselves constantly, and see how well they produce. It’s the same thing. You know your strengths. Find ways to sneak them in, even between group activities. 3. There will be questions. Content marketing is about conversation, and that’s tough for introverts. It’s not that introverts are bumbling and inept conversationalists. On the contrary, introverts often have many good things to say because they spend a lot of time thinking instead of talking all the time. So introversion and being slow or less inclined to talk instantly should never be taken as a sign of a lack of intelligence. I love to have deep conversations with a limited handful of friends during specific settings and times after which I will go home and become quiet. Introverts seem as if they aren’t always â€Å"on† even though the truth is that we’re â€Å"on† but sometimes turn down the volume. Introverts are  'on' but sometimes turn down the volume.But when you are successful with your content marketing, there is a steady flow of conversation coming your way, from readers and fans. And not all of them are forgiving if you take a day or week to respond. This is tough for introverts. We know what we have to do (instant response!) and we know what we can do (delayed response, and not all at once). I don’t always hop in and answer social media and blog comments instantaneously. It’s not that I don’t want to thank people, or answer questions, but I can’t always handle it. I have to set aside time, and then mentally prepare myself to dive in for a short while before I’m worn out. There will always be people who want instant response, and those introverts may not be able to please all the time. However, you can make up for that by always being genuine and real in your responses, using first names of people, answering their questions, encouraging or sincerely complimenting their ideas. I like to think that delayed sincerity is better than instant insincerity. And if an introvert is forced to respond instantly, the depleted energy means insincerity will quite often surface. 4. There is a need for written words. Introverts often (not always, but often) excel at the written word. If you’re like me, you don’t talk much, but instead live a life inside your head, finding that writing is your chosen method of communicating. You can clearly articulate your thoughts much better in the written word than in the spoken word. Writing, after all, is a solitary activity. It doesn’t matter if you’re surrounded by people; when it comes to making it happen, it’s you and the blank page. Good news: Content marketing needs written words. For the introverts who excel at writing, there is a place for them in #contentmarketing.Sometimes I am amazed by the need to help people clarify ideas and show them how to make written blog posts happen. If you’re used to being alone, and you’re familiar with that time being the point when your mind kicks into highest gear, such issues don’t exist. Yes, there are the mechanics of it to deal with (editing, grammar, logic, etc.), but the struggle to come up with the ideas that fuel the words is much less. If you’re an introvert by struggling with writing, go with freeform and stream of consciousness approaches to your writing, simply typing out whatever it is you’re thinking. Because you are thinking. You can clean the randomness out of the copy later. What’s An Introvert To Do? You can’t change the expected norms for content marketing, a realm that seems to be filled with lots of energetic extroverted folks, but you can find a way to exist and not burn out. Extroverts may not appreciate your approach, but if you want to do content marketing for the long haul, you can’t run yourself into the ground. 1. Recharge regularly. You have to recharge. Go offline, get off of social media. Do something. Get away from the conversation and get some quiet time alone to recharge. I’m particularly absent from my clients and professional social media accounts during the weekend. I periodically remove social apps from my phone. I go for walks, and set aside a day to do â€Å"analog† projects like art or reading. That’s how I get through the week. 2. Do the math. If you blog more and post on social media more, you get more conversation back. That’s the goal of content marketing, isn’t it? That’s the formula you hear about, right? That’s what success is? Maybe. Unless you can’t handle it. You’d be better off writing and generating content with a return you can handle than not. Don’t publish two blog posts a day if you can’t handle the conversational upkeep. Don’t post 15 times a day on social media if you can’t handle the engagement. 3. Write when you’re alone. Writing when you’re being interrupted by team members or other people will be reflected in your final copy. Write when you’re alone. Try to arrange the option to have a room for yourself (if you’re in an open office) or some hours to work from home. You have a legitimate reason: You do your best work alone. Don’t they want your best work? Introvert?  Work alone. You have a good reason: It's when you do your best work.4. Inject time into conversation. Introverts aren’t slow-witted, but some of us prefer to slow communication down to allow for thought. Those who thrive on fast-talking, instant communication are not going to like you for doing it, but that is not the concern. Do what you can do. Responding quickly in an energy deficit is a dangerous policy, and can lead to rash or formulaic responses. One of the reasons I like paper snail mail is that it forces time into the conversation equation. Writing, mailing, waiting, opening, responding- these all take time. Weeks, often. I can write long letters, and don’t even mind letters from people I don’t know, because I can communicate in writing and use the large time gaps to recoup energy for the next round. Email, text messages, social messages, phone calls- these demand immediate response. If you don’t respond right away, all kinds of social interpretations and anxiety  seems to happen. â€Å"Are you angry with me?† â€Å"Are you ignoring me?!† â€Å"You can’t stick your head in the sand.† â€Å"You’re being unprofessional.† â€Å"This is a high speed world. I need you to respond.† â€Å"Why aren’t you interested in what I have to say?† â€Å"Please return my call ASAP. This is important.† (Important to whom?) How fun it is to get an email or message, and then another in an hour, and then the next day...soon the whole thing has escalated and I don’t even know how to respond at this point when the only reason I didn’t respond initially wasn’t to be a jerk, but because I was recouping my energy and thinking of what I would say. If you meet an aggressive person demanding response, perhaps you might consider a couple I use: â€Å"I am thinking about this and will get back to you later.† â€Å"Thanks for the email. I am not interested at this time.† â€Å"I won’t commit to anything on the phone. I need to think about it. What is your email address?† In this way, I acknowledge the communication, but I don’t have to respond until I’m able. I don’t answer emails for work on the weekend. I don’t answer an email before thinking about the answer for at least a day or so, particularly if it is for business or professional reasons and it is a new client I am not familiar with. I don’t pick up the phone if I don’t recognize the number, using voicemail to slow that conversation down. If someone is pushy on the phone, I end the conversation and transfer it to a written medium (often email) where I can think and communicate clearly and slow things down. In other words, I’m injecting time into conversations because it’s what I need. I refuse to be wrangled into someone else’s preferred communication style if they are asking me for a response. My response comes wrapped in its own style, just as their request was wrapped in their style. Blog posts and articles that purport to tell you how to force people to respond  in a timely manner make my skin crawl. I shudder to think of a world where the demand to respond has to be instant or you’ll face an onslaught of follow-up emails, calls, and other sorts of pestering or accusations. Inject time into conversations if you feel your stress level rising and your energy depleting. Make Content Marketing  Work For An Introvert Like You This may sound a bit harsh, particularly if you’re not firmly in the introvert camp. But if you are, you know the weariness that you feel at the end of a day of being around and talking to people. If it is OK for extroverts to constantly recharge, the same should be said of introverts. You introverts have great skills, and in some ways are well-suited to content marketing. By simply protecting your time, energy, and creative core, you will be able to do well for a long time in this industry instead of suffering from burnout. There are more extroverts in the world, but you belong in that world, too. No apologies.

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students While New Years Eve often brings a party, the new year itself often brings great hopes for change and growth. If youre a college student, the new year presents the perfect time to set some resolutions that can help make your academic year more positive, productive, and enjoyable.   Good New Years resolutions, of course, are not just those that address the things in your life youd like to change or improve upon; they also are realistic enough that youre more likely than not to stick with them. Get (a Specific Number) of Hours of  Sleep per Night Being specific about your goals for the new year; for example, get at least 6 hours of sleep a night instead of getting more sleep. Making your resolutions as specific as possible makes them more tangible and easier to achieve. And while college life is hard and often sleep deprived, making sure you get enough sleep each night is critical to your long-term success (and health!) in school. Get (a Specific Amount) of Exercise  Each Week ​While finding time to exercise in college- even for 30 minutes- can seem impossible for many students, its important to try to incorporate physical activity into your college life routine. After all, those little 30 minutes at the gym can give you more energy throughout the day (and week). Make sure your goal is specific, however; instead of go to the gym, make a resolution to work out for 30 minutes at least 4 times a week, join an intramural sports team, or work out 4 times a week with a work-out partner. Eat Healthier at Each Meal College life is notorious for its unhealthy food options: greasy dining hall food, bad delivery, ramen noodles, and pizza everywhere. Make a goal to add at least something healthy at each meal, like at least one serving of fruits or vegetables. Or cut out (or at least down) on your soda intake. Or switch to diet soda. Or cut down on your caffeine intake, for example, so that youll sleep better at night. No matter what you add or switch, doing little changes every time you eat can lead to big differences. Cut Down on Your Cocurricular Involvement Many students are involved in all kinds of clubs, activities, and teams that meet regularly on campus. And while this cocurricular involvement can be good, it also can be detrimental to your academics. If you need more time, are struggling in your classes, or just overall feel overwhelmed, consider cutting down on your cocurricular involvement. You might be surprised at how much better you feel with an extra hour or two a week. Try Something New or Step Out of Your Comfort Zone at Least Once per Month Chances are, there are things happening on your campus 24/7. And many of them are on topics or involve activities that youre not at all familiar with. Challenge yourself a little to try something totally new at least once a month. Attend a lecture on a topic you know nothing or very little about; go to a cultural event youve never heard of before; volunteer to help with a cause you know you should learn more about but just never looked into. You might be surprised at how much you enjoy yourself! Dont Use a Credit Card for Things You Want- Only Use It for Things You Need The last thing you want in college is to be saddled with credit card debt and the accompanying monthly payment youre required to make. Be very strict about your credit card use and only use it when its absolutely necessary for things you need. (For example, you need books for your classes. But you dont necessarily need- although you might want- those expensive new sneakers when the ones you have can last another few months.) Finish Your Papers at Least One Day in Advance This may sound completely unrealistic and idealistic, but if you look back at your time in school, when have you been the most stressed? Some of the highest-stress parts of the semester come when major papers and projects are due. And planning to do something the night before is, quite literally, planning to procrastinate. So why not plan instead to finish a little early so you can get some sleep, not be as stressed, and- most likely- turn in a better assignment? Volunteer at Least Once a Week Its super easy to get caught up in the little bubble that is your school. Stress over papers, the lack of sleep, and frustration with everything from friends to finances can quickly consume both your mind and spirit. Volunteering, on the other hand, offers you a chance to give back while also helping you keep things in perspective. Added bonus: Youll feel awesome afterward! Take a Leadership  Position on Campus Things may become a little too routine for you during your time in school (especially during the Sophomore Slump). You go to class, go to a few meetings, maybe work your on-campus job, and then ... do it all over again. Aiming for a leadership position, like being an RA or on the executive board of a club, can help challenge your brain in new and exciting ways. Spend Time With People Outside of Your College Friends Granted, this may need to be done electronically, but its important. Spend time Skyping with your best friend from high school; let yourself chat online with people who arent at your school; call your siblings every once in a while to check in and hear about things back home. While your college life may be all-consuming now, it will be over before you know it ... and the relationships youve kept with the non-college people in your life will be important once youre officially a college graduate.

Response Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response Paper - Assignment Example The theme of the article is geographical structure of river of Colorado and the flooding nature of the river .The article describes about the disastrous effect of the river on the lives of the residents of the valley. The article unleashes the studies and research done to understand the flooding nature of the Colorado River. The theme of the entire article is the river flooding and its effect on people.The questions which can be raised regarding this reading are : The authors of this article are climatologists of America and are expertise in their field. They are also environmentalist who studies the varying condition of environment and its effect on the inhabitants of native land. This research study is a combined effort of scientist and other experts of scientific world. The authors have put great effort in conducting the research and also have considered many facts while studying the issue. The key words here are natives, climate, economic condition, and environment. The article is all about the environmental condition of Native American land and it effect on the indigenous people. The theme of the article is the environmental condition and the effect of it on their livelihood the researchers in this article discuss about the importance of cultural sites, wild life and natural resources. The article studies about the adverse effect of climate and weather condition and the effect of it on the economy of native people. The questions which can be raised regarding this reading are : Vulnerability of Pyramid Lake Indian Water Rights under Climate Change: Analysis of Perception, Power, and Influencer ability of Pyramid Lake Indian Water Rights under Climate Change: Analysis of Perception, Power, and Influence This article which is also about geological nature has many authors to it and also the article is a combined effort from them.

Construction of the cash flows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction of the cash flows - Essay Example The users of the financial statements are very interested to learn how the business generates and uses it cash and cash equivalents during a particular period. Thus, the statement of cash flows is very important because the company wants to control the timing of the receipt and disbursement of cash. For, the company needs cash inflows to pay the budgeted and maturing cash outflows such as payables. The cash flow statement clearly shows the company management's ability to juggle the incoming and outgoing of funds. Also, cash inflows from operating activities are defined as those coming from it revenue generating activities. In our case, the airline tickets are bought because they need to visit the different revenue generating shops in different parts of the United States. Capital Budgeting (Maher, 1997; 279-20) involves deciding which long term investment to undertake and how they are financed. Examples are buildings, land, factory site, factory equipment and others. Furthermore, an item is capitalized, meaning recorded as building, equipment, factory and others, if they are tangible assets held by the enterprise for use of production of goods for sale and rendering services. And, the asset bought will be used over a period of more than one year. Thus, the airline tickets only benefit the day or the current accounting period when the flight was taken. Thus, the airline tickets do not fall under capital expenditures but only operating expenses. In the construction of the cash flows associated with the commercial airline contract option, should the analyst include the average cost of business class tickets Yes, because the average cost of business class tickets involves cash flow or cash disbursement or cash payment. As discussed above in the theory of accounts it is part of operating expenses in the cash flow statement. Appendix A shows that for an annual average of 48 annual trips consisting of 4 travelers per trip at $1,000 per round trip ticket, the annual cost for this specific year is $192,000. Also, for the following year at 50 trips at 4 persons per trip the total cost for that year in terms of plant tickets is $200,000. the continues the computation until the year reaches 79 flights in 1 year at 4 persons per year totaling $316,000. QUESTION In construction of the cash flows associated with the commercial airline contract option, should the analyst include the cost of upgrading a business class fare to a first class ticket yes, for the same reason above. The average cost of upgrading a business class ticket to a first class ticket involves cash flow or cash disbursement or cash payment. As discussed in the theory of accounts, it is part of operating expenses of the company to support its day to day operational management Appendix B below shows that for the year when there are 48 airline travels consisting of 4 persons per trip, the first class ticket at $1,300 per ticket will increase the ticket cost on this particular year to $249,600. This is $57,600 bigger than the computation of ticket at costs in Appendix A below. Also, for the year when 50 flights with 4 persons at $1,300 first class, the total airline ticket costs for that year is $260,000 which is higher than the above data by where the business class total cost for the year is only $200,000.

Wright Brothers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Wright Brothers - Research Paper Example While the efforts to design and develop flight can be traced to periods before the 19th century when humans were imitating birds in flight, it is 19th century and early periods of 20th century, which witnessed real and tangible efforts that culminated to controlled and powered flight (Helfand and Banerjee, 2011). Subsequent years have seen rapid advancement in the aviation industry with better and advanced flights being developed. These flights have advanced technological capabilities and comfort. They are more comfortable, fast, and come with more attractive designs. The quest to realize controlled and powered flight began in earnest in 1891 when Otto Lilienthal worked to design a glider that can fly (Dixon-Engel and Jackson, 2007). He was the first person to design a glider that would fly a person, as well as being able to fly relatively long distances. He studied aerodynamics and he wrote a book that was later used by the Wright Brothers in their designs. The year 1891also saw Sam uel Langley building a plane model called aerodrome. Although his efforts to develop a powered flight failed, he made important contributions that would help in developing powered flight in the future particularly by Wright Brothers (Anderson, 2004). In 1894, Octave Chanute undertook the invention of airplanes after being inspired by Otto Lilienthal. He designed several aircraft; the Herring was a particular aircraft that he designed and was the most successful deign and was the basis for the design of Wright biplane (Howard, 1998). He also published a book in 1894 called â€Å"Progress in Flying Machines†. This book contained all the technical knowledge about aviation at that time. The Wright Brothers this book as the basis of their experiments. It is important to note that Chanute was in constant contact with the Wright Brothers and made regular comments on their technical progress. Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright were deliberate in their quest for flight as evidenced by t he fact that they spent many years learning all the early flight developments (Dixon-Engel and Jackson, 2007). They also read all the literature published up to that time about flight. Because of the knowledge that they acquired by reading and learning about flight, they started to test the early theories with kites and balloons. They also spent considerable amounts of time in learning and testing the shapes of gliders and how gliders could be controlled. The year 1903 witnessed a breakthrough in design and development of flight (O'Hern and Mayo, 2006). Wright Brothers were the first to sustain controlled flight, powered flight. Wright Brothers are the two American brothers who are credited as the earliest successful aviation inventors and pioneers. They are credited with inventing and developing the first successful airplane in the world, as well as making the first sustained, controlled, and powered heavier-than-air human flight on 17 December 1903 (Howard, 1998). Historians agree that even though the Wright Brother were not the first in building and flying experimental aircraft, they were the first in inventing aircraft controls that made possible the fixed-wing powered flight. In particular, they achieved a major breakthrough that other inventors had not achieved; they invented a three-axis control that enable the pilot to effectively steer the aircraft and at the same time maintain the aircraft’s equilibrium (O'Hern and Mayo, 2006). The significance of this method became standard in aviation and remains standard mainly on all kinds of fixed-wing aircraft. While the experimenters of the time were emphasizing on developing powerful aircraft engines, the Wright Brothe

Port au Prince, Haiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Port au Prince, Haiti - Essay Example However, in light of the country’s colonial past, there are practical measures that are referred to as viable and feasible as of this moment to rebuild its transportation facilities. Gathering of financial aid from any agencies whether local or foreign is the most important task amongst others. Reconstructing the public transport systems such as seaports and airports need sufficient budget so that the projected plans for rehabilitation can be possibly implemented without further delay. In line with this, monetary aid from organizations such as the United Nations (U.N.) and the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) can be utilized. Also, companies and banks from the different parts of the globe can be made as agents of Haiti government in accepting monetary donations. Appealing this aid to the masses can be done through print and electronic media. The coast guards especially the U.S. Coast Guard group called Coast Guard Cutter Oak has been proven helpful in facilitating the movement of vessels inside and outside the Haiti ports right after the earthquake. As such, they have been dubbed as an â€Å"integral part in the recovery of Haiti’s main harbor† (Mosley, 2010). Their crew members were the main rescuers for survivors in the port. They have helped in â€Å"tending the wounded, surveying the harbor, preparing any affected aids-to-navigation to service and placing additional buoys in marking a safe route into the harbor† (Mosley, 2010). This coast guard organization has been working with the Coast Guard Maritime Transportation System Recovery Unit (MTSRU), a team specially â€Å"designed for coordinating the rebuild of a transportation infrastructure† in Haiti (Mosley, 2010). In fact, according to PO1 David Mosley (2010), with the combined oversight and expertise of the two groups, â€Å"the port s of Haiti are poised to steadily come back online.† Accordingly, encouraging more coast guards to intervene and help will benefit Haiti. Providing trainings

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Book Review - Essay Example Obama’s political position on many different subjects such as war in Iraq to health care and education. After reading this book I really appreciate the author because he was eloquent and seemed thoughtful. Mr. Obama has an inviting and warm way of communication which shows him as an agent of change in the history of American politics. The writing style of this book is really good but it seems a bit too earnest for political correctness in America. The author presents his faith and values in such a way that is far more comfortable than many other political contemporaries. In this book Mr. Obama does a good job of describing how and why his values cause him to act and think in the way that he does. In my point of view if even someone doesn’t agrees to his plans and policies but will respect his commitment to change and energy of the author. I take issue with the author’s actual policies like health care which may seems great but it will lead to decreased choice and quality for most of the fellow Americans and issues like budget deficits and soaring taxes but I do agree with his policy that our country must overcome the addiction of foreign oil. I also agree on the point that more emphasis required for upholding traditional values and strengthening families. Mr. Obama’s opposition for many different reasonable remedies is really curious. The most important point was the emphasis on finding the root causes of poverty in the world and in our country and we should focus on dangerous issue like teen pregnancy. There are many expressed ideas of Mr. Obama that cannot be aligned with the ridiculous and radical statement of the senator’s pastor, who was the man that inspired the title of this book. In my point of view whether someone is liberal or conservative this book is a great source of information and it gives a great insight into the most significant

Impact of Globalisation on the Cultural Environment of Business Essay

Impact of Globalisation on the Cultural Environment of Business - Essay Example It involves distribution of the services and the goods in the global marketplace. Globalisation also reduces the trade barriers such as, import quotas, tariffs and export fees among others. Globalisation includes the transfer of required skills, knowledge, methodology and labour. Globalisation creates a significant impact on the business environment of every economy. The impact of globalisation can be either positive or negative. Globalisation specially puts its impact on the culture of an organisation. The positive impacts can be termed as increased employment while the negative impact of globalisation on businesses can be identified as fierce monopolistic competition. It also helps to share the ‘technical know-how’, the spread of culture and education and the ethical-legal effects. Globalisation also raises various challenges for an organisation such as increased rate of operational costs, the increased rate of slavery and child labour, increased rate of terrorism all over the world. Globalisation has significantly influenced the famous multinational company of US, Microsoft. A publication report of Oxford University Press has stated that, â€Å"the events in one corner of the globe can have a major impact on others, sometimes good, sometimes bad† (Oxford University Press, 2011). Microsoft, the famous multinational company of United States of America is engaged with providing Information Technology based services to global consumers. It also possesses patent rights for manufacturing various kinds of computing products with the help of multiple divisions of production scatted all around the world. Microsoft deals in the division of the online search engines services such as Bing, Skype and also in the interactive entertainment business segment. Microsoft also serves their customers with ‘Microsoft business solutions’, ‘Windows phone division’, Windows & Windows live division’ and ‘Microsoft office divi sion’ among others (Oxford University Press, 2011). The major objective of the study is to highlight the impact of globalisation on the cultural environment of the business in the USA. The paper would involve the renowned multinational company, Microsoft to analyse and to evaluate the various theories and factors of the impact of globalisation on the business culture. The study would also involve a conclusion for the overall discussion. Findings Theoretical Framework of the Analysis Globalisation is one of the most important and popular trends in business at present times. Globalisation involves the process of sharing of knowledge, skills, education, labour, economy and social-political environment. There are certain positive and negative effects of globalisation in every organisation which are globally connected. The culture of a business considers the personal traits, different languages, races, religions among others in their approach to globalised business. The various po sitive effects of globalisation consist of factors like increased competition. These factors influence the companies to perform better and to produce quality goods due to the competition among them. These factors also focus on the satisfaction of the customers and to produce improved services and goods quality. The other positive effect of globalisation is in relation to employment. Due to the globalisation the companies are trying to be more efficient and goal oriented with effective skills, labour, and improved potential. According to Wright, â€Å"more demanding skills are needed, especially with the growth in the need for so-called knowledge workers†

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Book Review - Essay Example Obama’s political position on many different subjects such as war in Iraq to health care and education. After reading this book I really appreciate the author because he was eloquent and seemed thoughtful. Mr. Obama has an inviting and warm way of communication which shows him as an agent of change in the history of American politics. The writing style of this book is really good but it seems a bit too earnest for political correctness in America. The author presents his faith and values in such a way that is far more comfortable than many other political contemporaries. In this book Mr. Obama does a good job of describing how and why his values cause him to act and think in the way that he does. In my point of view if even someone doesn’t agrees to his plans and policies but will respect his commitment to change and energy of the author. I take issue with the author’s actual policies like health care which may seems great but it will lead to decreased choice and quality for most of the fellow Americans and issues like budget deficits and soaring taxes but I do agree with his policy that our country must overcome the addiction of foreign oil. I also agree on the point that more emphasis required for upholding traditional values and strengthening families. Mr. Obama’s opposition for many different reasonable remedies is really curious. The most important point was the emphasis on finding the root causes of poverty in the world and in our country and we should focus on dangerous issue like teen pregnancy. There are many expressed ideas of Mr. Obama that cannot be aligned with the ridiculous and radical statement of the senator’s pastor, who was the man that inspired the title of this book. In my point of view whether someone is liberal or conservative this book is a great source of information and it gives a great insight into the most significant

Planar Ultra Wideband Antenna for Microwave Imaging System for Medical Essay - 2

Planar Ultra Wideband Antenna for Microwave Imaging System for Medical Application (Project Debrief) - Essay Example I am feeling fortunate to have got an opportunity to work under IAP on the project titled ‘Planar Ultra Wideband Antenna for Microwave Imaging System for Medical Application’. For me it was a God sent opportunity as I had got an opportunity to not only put theory to practice at a workplace setting but had even got a chance to work on the subject (medical technology) whose wonders have been inspiring me for over a decade when we got a wireless hearing aid for my grandmother – now an octogenarian. For this project Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications (CWMA) was my industry partner. CWMA has a number of achievements to its credit and the research at CWMA is powered by a battery of internationally acclaimed researchers. Prof. Amin Abbosh – a international expert and a point of reference in Ultra-Wideband Imaging, accepted me as his researcher and it was a very exceptional learning experience to work with him. The 15 weeks assignment started on 27th July. I prepared a Gantt chart for the project and it was designed on the basis of the Table 1. (Annexure I). From the beginning of the project I followed project management principles. After preparing the project plan and the Gantt chart, since I had not worked on any simulation tool, and to design the antenna the simulation tool had to play a crucial role. Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS) being a specialist tool for the 3D EM simulation of high frequency was used. The first jolt I suffered in the project was the delay I had to face in getting CST MWS from the University, I got it almost a month later than desired. I had to double up to meet the project milestones. While working on CST MSW, I started working on the literature survey. I utilized IEEE Explore (IEEE’s the digital library) at the University. Since I reside away from the University I

Tescos Marketing and Expansion Strategy Analysis

Tescos Marketing and Expansion Strategy Analysis With contemporary society of fluctuating customer preferences, dynamic market, shifting competition, reforming government, advanced technologies, change in economies, and transforming demography, it is not questionable why companies need to establish new policies, workforce environment, and particularly business strategies. However, it is questionable on how, where, and in what way they are able to improve their strategy paradoxes in order to create a unique selling point or competitive advantages to be outstanding in today and future national and international business markets. Thus for any firm, setting up new strategies is a must and given. Thats why companies need to persistently be aligned with their surrounding environments, either by responding to outside situations, or by proactively forming the commerce that they are operating. Hence, the right and outstanding strategies will be made for the right time and situations. This essay will then discuss about strategies used by Tesco in participating more actively in the national and international market. However before going to Tescos strategies, lets take a look at what is strategy? and strategy characteristics. What is strategy? A strategy is the systematic plan of action and scopes of a business which is designed to achieve benefits for the business through its available configuration of resources within a competitive atmosphere, to meet the needs of consumers preferences and markets and as well as to satisfy shareholder expectations. Strategy Characteristics Strategy has three characteristics according to Wit, B, D Meyer, R (2005) process, content, and context. They are the most important distinction that can be recognised in daily-life strategic obstacle situation. Strategy Process: The process is to get involved with the strategy of who, how, and when how should or is, strategy be created, analyzed, invented, formulated, applied, shifted, and managed; who get involved; and when do the essential actions take place? Strategy Content: The result of the above process is the strategy content. In terms of a query, the strategy content is related to the strategy of what what should be or is the strategy for the corporation and its every single constituent unit? Strategy Context: The result of strategy content and strategy context is referred to strategy context. Talked in terms of a question, the context evolves with the strategy of where where are the strategies process and content embedded in a firm? II/. Tesco Summary Tesco is a public limited company and is the largest retailer in the U.K, while it is the third largest in the world. Tesco has roughly 4,000 stores in 14 countries. It was found by Jack Cohen in 1919. The company headquarter is in Delamere Road, Cheshunt, and Hertford shire, Britain. David Reid is Tesco chairman along with Sir Terry Leahy as a chief executive. The key goods of Tesco are customer products, Groceries, telecom, and financial services. The firm revenue is  £56.910bn in 2010 and its operating profit is  £3.457bn. History: The Coming to Life of Britains Largest Supermarket Tesco came to life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stand and made his profit of  £1 from sales of  £4 on his first day. Five years later, 1924, Cohen established first brand of Tesco when he purchased a shipment of tea from a Mr T. E Stockwell and in 1929 Cohen opened Tesco stores flagship. In 1930 a headquarter and warehouse were built as the brand went on its rise, and two years later Tesco turned into a private limited firm. Tescos stock exchange with a share price of 25p was floated in 1947. The expansion of Tesco became stronger as it bought 70 Williams stores in the 1950s along with 200 Harrow stores and in the 1960s, 97 Charles Philips stores and Victor Value chain were purchased by Tesco. The Guinness Book of Records recorded a Tesco store in Leicester as the biggest store in Europe in 1961. The next 13 years, the first petrol stations of Tesco were launched and became the biggest independent petrol retailer in the U.K. By 1979 the Tescos sales reached  £1 billion and twice the amount to  £2 billion in three years. A Tescos slogan was launched in 1992 as every little helps, and followed Tesco Clubcard in 1995, which provided a competitive edge to overcome the UKs biggest food retailer, Sainsbury. And still in the 1990s, 24-hour service was introduced and long with the overseas expansion. A Tesco website, www.tesco.com, was launched in 2000 while it expanded its products rang like clothes, electrical and personal finance goods. In the next 4years, Tesco stepped into broadband market. And two years later, the company announced to run its business in the U.S under the name of Fresh and Easy. Moreover, on 23 February, 2008 the sales rose to  £51.8bn and pre-tax income increased to  £2.8bn. In the same year, Tesco became the only supermarket that was every single postcode area in the U.K when it purchased rival Somerfield stores on remote islands in Scotland. In 2009, www.tesco.com/clothes was introduced and Clubcard was re-launched to double up customers vouchers. Finally in 2010, the firm ran the worlds first zero-carbon supermarket in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, and also the first Lifespace mall in China. Strategy According to Data Monitor, food retailing analysts stated that: The strategy of Sainsbury is far behind Tesco. Tesco has become a strong core and rapidly grew international stores in the U.K. Meanwhile, it developed good non-food sales, increased retailing services and took advantages of e-commerce effectively. The achievements of Tesco in the recent years have mainly come from the change to higher margin non-food merchandise, expanding overseas branches, and forming a strong UK key business. Low prices, cultivating consumer loyalty, providing a wide range of distinct store concepts and improving retailing services, like insurance and banking, were the companys main successes in competing with the rivals locally and internationally. Furthermore, the firm concentrates on non-food products, which has led to wondering whether it is fair to compare between other grocery shops and Tesco at all as it appears to have grown to be a consumer goods firm. On 22 October, 2002 Tesco chairman David Reid made the declaration in a conference held at the annual institute of Grocery Distribution that: You cannot save your way to prosperity. Growth is vital to shareholder, employees and suppliers. Growing investment is the heart of Tescos strategy. This asset does not simply come from investing back profit. In January 2004, Tescos new shares of 315m were placed to raise funds of  £773m. By doing do, the company was able to pay off the debenture. At the same year on March the company declared to make a joint venture with Topland, a property group, to release the money of  £650m from its UK property portfolio. However, Tescos credit was rated very low due to its borrowing money for expanding the company. Core UK Business From a Tescos preliminary statement of account in 2004, Tesco considers the below points: For a further investment is to improve price position. The total of  £140m in January 2006 is the most recent cost campaigns to improve the company position as Britains best value retailer. For instance, during a general price deflation in 2000, the deflation was between 2-3%, while Tesco was able to deflate the price nearly between 4-7%. During 2003 and 2004, 21 extra stores were opened, of which 13 were the expansions and the rest were new which gives a total of 83. Evidences show that customers love the Express stores, and the firm has increased share of convenience market to 5.9%. Tesco Express stores are the key to further and continued success as executives look to employ the street corner strategy by building more Express stores. The sparkling growth of the business has stemmed from the expense of competitors, particularly Safeway and Sainsbury. Their battle is to detain customers. And the other UK retailers just have no ability to challenge on both store structures and price. Suppliers, researchers, and farmers have mentioned a Tesco strategy that the company does not widely broadcast exploiting the companys monopoly (or to use a more precise terminology, oligopsony) position to decrease the price paid to suppliers. Thus, Tesco does not obtain profit from costumers, but also from suppliers. The Tesco Approach This is the final plank in the firms strategy To create value for our customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty. The two values of the company are: We treat people the way we like to be treated, and No one tries harder than we do for customers. Nevertheless, these two values are selectively applied to shareholder and consumers rather than smaller rivals and farmers. Major changes in lifestyle patterns are fundamental achievement of Tescos ongoing success. Tesco has taken advantage and responded to changes in lifestyle since the inception of the company over the 80 years. Those changes are: more women go into workplace, bigger disposable profit, the arrival of the weekly shop, fewer meal of family cook, and cheap food policy adopted after the Second World War by Britain. Tescos Strategy vs Porter Diamond Model Porter diamond model is an approach designed to get insightful of competitive position of a business in global markets. a/. Demand Conditions The demand factor with respect to production scale is one major issue in this theory. Generally, the productions scale relies on the needs and wants of consumers for the products or brands. In London, 70% of Tescos own brand is highly proffered and ordered by people due to the cheap price strategy of Tesco besides having finest quality in food items such as cake, bread and so on, and non-food products such as 14.95 euro of Tesco Ireland CD compared with over 20 euro of competitors HMV Ireland or Golden Discs selling the same goods. b/. Related and Supporting Industries The second competitive advantage of Tesco is that the firm has related industries that are competitive globally like Wal Mart, throughout advanced aspects like communication infrastructure, modern and skilled labour, and research facilities, and technological know-how. c/. Factor Endowments Tesco has fundamentally gained competitive edge through sophisticated labour and etc as mentioned in Related and Supporting Industries. Finance, insurance, digital services, entertainment services, broadband, phone, clothes, health and beauty, and media products are example of those competitive advantages. Moreover, a wide range of Tesco brand non-food products including Finest ranges and non-food Value are sold perfectly. Meanwhile the selling of these non-food goods is quite high in Ireland. CDs are the best instances which are the results of Tescos technological know-how, communication infrastructure, and research facilities. d/. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Tesco has gained this fourth attribute to create unique selling point. Initially, Tescos superior technology of checkouts and stock control system has led the company to the success and expansion over the rivalries. Strategy: The growth of the company over the last two decades has been related to the strategic and image transformation. Its prior achievement is because of an approach, Pile it high, sell it cheap from Jack Cohen. The method was overtaken by the company during 1995. There are main reasons for the success like an inclusive offer and customer focus. In addition the company has another four-pronged method: non-food business, international, core UK business, and retailing services. Structure: The stores in the U.K have been separated into 6 formats based on their structure, which is differentiated by the stores size and range of goods sold. Tesco Extra: is chain of mostly out-of-town hypermarkets. Tesco Hypermarket: is a superstore with a combination of a department store and a supermarket, which gives a very big retail facility with a broad range of goods in one roof. Tesco Metro: is a store that has size between Tesco Express and Tesco stores. The store generally is located on high streets of small town and city centre with typical size of 12,000 square feet. Tesco Express: is a store that is neighbourhood convenience store. It has chiefly food with higher-margin goods owing to the lack of economic scale. Tesco One Shop: is a Tesco only format in Britain which has no the name of Tesco in its name and consists of some of the smallest stores. Tesco Homeplus: is a non-food store. Rivalry: Tesco has Asda, Safeway, and Sainsbury as its domestic competitor. However, these rivals allow Tesco to be a better international challenger since the firm runs the business internationally. Case Study: Tesco in Pakistan Before entering its market in Pakistan, Tesco has used an environmental scanning technique to examine Pakistan information for strategic purposes. First of all, a Tesco study has shown that Pakistan has a high per-capita income which they are able to afford products from Tesco, and so it assists to rise in the employment rate. Meanwhile, the national GDP rate is 5.8%. Thus, people would prefer to purchase various products under one roof in affordable price when they get monthly salaries. Plus, Pakistan is an Islamic country which permits the retailer to sell excluding only alcoholic products that are banned legally. The country political environment is favourable since the rise of Tesco will help the government to raise tax revenue and the intervention of the government will assist the company to process effectively. For Pakistani culture, it offers Tesco a good demand condition as Pakistani people are influenced to get work done as soon as possible, so the Tesco takes the advantage to offer a wide range of products such as grocery, clothing and etc under one roof. The most benefit thing for Tesco is that there is only competitor in Pakistan, Metro which has small market share. Therefore, Tesco has an opportunity to obtain more shares because Tesco will aim all income levels of consumers. Finally, Tesco has chosen a strategy called Greenfield strategy (a strategy that is to enter new market without the help from local business) since the company doesnt need help from local firms as it has only one competitor with small share in the hand. More importantly, the adoption of Greenfield is because the Tesco needs to begin from scratch in Pakistan. For marketing, Tesco would adapt pull strategy, a strategy that spends highly on advertising and customer promotion to build demand and loyalty of customers on a product. Lastly, Tesco chooses two type of financing: 70% from equity financing and 30% from debt financing. Tescos strategy vs Global Strategy The growth and strength of Tesco do not depend only on real within the United Kingdom, but also internationally. When local opportunities have turned less, the company started its expansion over global like the other giant retailers. The rapid gains over Central Europe and Asia and a considerable market share have come from its effective strategy. The main solution to success of Tesco is to lie in its global strategy, in which the company mixes global management in many areas and domestic responsiveness. Tescos tactic generally is to purchase an existing retail chain, or an important share of one, and transform it to subsidiary of Tesco. After that, the company can start the usual strategies by aggressively competing price, undercutting local businesses, selling petrol, creating Clubcard to build customer loyalty, opening 24 hours service and so forth. For its international stores, Tesco prefers large hypermarkets since it is easier to obtain planning permission for these stores in most countries than in the UK. These hypermarkets concentrate on non-food products. According to David Hughes, professor of agribusiness and food marketing, claims that: Retailers from rich countries look for five characteristics in countries high population growth, big population, consumers levels of GDP edging per capita, high growth of income, and poor supermarket presence. With these five characteristics, giant retailers would step their businesses into those countries. Thats why Tesco focuses its expansion to Ex-Soviet nations and South East Asia rather than going to West Europe countires. Case Study: Tesco in Thailand In 1998 Tesco stepped into Thailand by purchasing a great amount of stoke in the Thai-owned Lotus chain of convenience locations. And Thailand was the first south-east Asian country that Tesco ran its business in a large scale, and 31% of Thai market had been captured by Tesco by the end of 2002. Moreover, Tesco Express stores are attached to Exxon Mobil petrol stations. During 2004, the retailer plans to capture the remaining stake in Tesco Lotus. Tesco wanted to point out that it would be sourcing produce domestically, generally gaining the domestic economy, and providing local people jobs. The company also plans to help Thailand local suppliers to access local and global markets, and sell to multinational companies by offering them to develop and improve their service and quality standard. As usual technique, Tesco is very proud of its price cutting technique in South East Asia. There is slogan from Tesco: Like in the UK and Europe, we perform price campaigns to distribute to invincible value for our customers. This seems like declaring a war of opening hour and prices and the local retailers cannot possibly challenge with Tesco strategies. However, Tescos main competitors are not local retailers, but international retailers such as Carrefour and Wal-Mart, and domestic ones that suffer as a result of simply collateral damage. III/. Recommendations The strategies implemented by Tesco both local and international strategies work effectively in competing the local and global markets. For local business, Tesco seems to have a very higher strategy compared to Asda, Safeway, Sainsbury, and other biggest retailers in the UK. Its main four strategies are: non-food approach, retailing services, international strategy, and a strong UK core business. However, its international markets still seem to have troubles as a Tescos bitter experience in France (business collapse). Moreover, the company have too many corporate crime and global activities on the countries it is operating. For example, in Thailand, Tesco was taken to court as it exploited suppliers. It was found guilty on charging slotting fees to carry producers goods, charging suppliers fee of entry, advertising costs and goods show costs, and displaying own-brand items close to similar branded items. If we go to Ireland, we will see that Tesco has been fined by the country govern ment over below cost price selling products which the company tried to undercut other traders. In addition, it has been fined for selling certain goods at a lower in the UK than in Ireland. Plus, Tesco workers in Ireland, in 2001, went on strike due to under payment. Tescos workers received $4.85 per hour, while the union stated 20p to 25p lower than salaries paid by Tesco rivals. Hence, in order to compete with the world largest retailer, Wal-Mart, and to participate more actively in international markets, Tesco needs to improve the poor areas such as the dependence on the UK grocery market, high fossil fuel cost needed to use in transportation network and etc. Suggestion: To improve those poor areas, Tesco should improve market development strategy and product development. Strategic Alliances and Join Developments (Market Development Strategy): By expanding its international markets, Tesco should choose options of global alliances with local markets. This can be considered as a strategy of improvement and can be formed to take advantage current competence and resources. When forming partnerships or joint ventures, Tesco is able to gain and extend its local knowledge and operating expertise of the partner, meanwhile it can include its own supply chain, goods improvement and stores performing skills to distribute a better shopping experience to consumers. By doing so, it can obtain a bigger economic scale and bigger presence of market. Diversification (Product Development): According to schools and Johnson (2003), business environmental changes may create demand for new products and services, while the matrix of Ansoff recommends that a product development strategy needs to be carefully thought by management of a firm, if they want to develop new products for the existing markets. Thus, Tescos expansion and diversification of products mix, the company has to implement internal improvement when new products are built. Moreover, Tesco needs to consider the relation between portfolio diversity and the rationale of the corporate strategy. Thus, Tesco is able to introduce new product lines followed by changes of needs and wants of customers. But this may need more concentration on RD, guiding to additional expense. Supermarket industry understands overcapacity and innovative goods and services that are being the main competitive edge. Thus, a Tescos key driver for product development is innovation. Tesco, for instance, has many formats of stores in the UK and each format is to provide different convenience to shoppers. Therefore, Tesco can create portfolio of different formats for international markets like Far Eastern and Eastern Europe whose stores are hypermarket. By doing so, Tesco can develop the uniqueness of value added which lead to command a premium price. Plus, Technological management of innovations is related to decision-making, so Tesco must exploit the internal powers and reduce internal weaknesses to accomplish sustained unique selling point. IV/. Conclusion Strategies implemented by Tesco are very successful in terms of both national and international strategies. With its effective business strategies such as the Tesco approach, pile it high, sell it cheap, global strategy and etc, they have turned Tesco into the biggest retailer in the UK by overtaking Asda, Sainsbury and other giant retailers, and also made Tesco to become the worlds third largest retailer after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. For the local challenge, Tesco has competitive advantage over all retailers in the UK. Its four outstanding strategies are: non-food approach, retailing services, international strategy, and a strong UK core business. However, to challenge the world number one and number two retailers, Wal-Mart and Carrefour, and to attend more actively in international markets are troubles to challenge. Thus, Tesco needs to reform and improve its poor business strategies and areas. In order to improve those weaknesses, two solutions are suggested: Strategic Alliances and Join Developments (Market Development Strategy) and Diversification (Production Development). Book References: Mintzberg, H, Lampel, J, Quinn, J, B Ghoshal, S (2003) The Strategy Process. 4th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Sadler, P (2003) Strategic Management. 2nd ed. Great Britain The United States: Kogan Page Limited. Wit, B, D Meyer ,R (2005) Strategy Synthesis. 2nd ed. London: Thomson Learning. Web References: Recruitment and Selection. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 20100] A History of Tesco: The Rise of Britains Biggest Supermarket. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 2011] Shoaib, R Final Project of Business Policy. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 04 February, 2011] Our History. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] (2005) Tesco Case. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] (2004) Tesco. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011] Strategic Planning: Tesco. [Internet] Available from [Accessed 05 February, 2011]