Importance of Recycling

Importance of cycleDont Throw Your Future AwayIn the UK, on average, a person throws away almost his own bodyweight equivalent of waste material every 7 weeks. That is equivalent to filling up the Rutland Lake in just cardinal months or pervading the London P all toldadium every hour. Up to 60% of this waste is recyclable.What is meant by the word reprocess? A simple way to describe it is recycle means to convert and remanufacture waste products into new-made materials. This means, rather than throwing these objects away, they can be occasiond to manufacture new products. The materials that are widely recycled include, grocery bags, cloth, newspaper, cardboard, brochures and flyers, cardboard boxes, paper, atomic number 13 cans, glass, tin, chipboard and scrap metal. Though every waste disposal place varies, these are the items which are widely accepted as recyclable items. Failing to use them to manufacture further items results in these products being thrown away in significa nt quantities into landfills.Some goods which are not usually recycled because of being not as cost-effective include light bulbs, pet postum products, chemicals and aerosols.A landfill is not the most ethical way of managing waste as it poses substantial threats to humans and animals, as surface as plants. It is immensely important to recycle our waste in order to lower the amount of waste material in landfills, to save and create verve and to uphold raw materials. For instance to produce new paper from a plant source, it requires seventeen full grown trees to make one tonne of consummate(a) non-recycled paper. This leads to deforestation as it requires cutting down trees, leading to deforestation which is a tremendous environmental hazard. Instead of this, used and old paper can be used to manufacture new paper which can help value both trees and 65 % of electricity. Likewise, thermoplastics can also be recycled as they can be softened and melted to reshape again and again th us decreasing the environmental hazards triggered by plastics. Furthermore, up to seventy per cent of energy can be saved by avoiding extraction, refining, transportation and processing of raw materials required for the industry. As labour is needed for collection, sorting, processing and logistics, job opportunities can also be generated through and through recycling.Recycling also plays a sizeable spot in decreasing air, noise and water pollution by cut back incineration of waste thus protect the atmosphere.How? By lowering the emission of greenhouse gases like methane, sulphur dioxide carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide, recycling can also help in reducing the effect of climate change which is a long-standing and prominent issue influencing the atmosphere and living species alike.All of this malefic matter contaminates many habitats and ecosystems. This in turn ruins the earthy living conditions of different organisms including both plants and animals. Deforestat ion that occurs due to the use of wood as a raw material for several products also plays an integral role in the destruction of many habitats. Biodiversity is being lost. The loss of a few plants and animals is not the concern here. Rather, by thrashing all forms of constitution on much(prenominal) a grand scale we are risking our lives, threatening wildlife, gambling with the stability of nature and weather and throwing our own future away.Not only is the destruction of nature a colossal problem, Global Warming, another disastrous outcome of all that contamination, is also a topic which needs discussion as it is the most detrimental. yard proves that the past decade was the hottest in the past 1300 years. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has multiplied from 280 parts per million to 400 parts per million. Moreover, it is expected that an estimated accession of 8 degrees Fahrenheit in global temperature and 1 to 4 feet of upsurge in sea levels can be expected by the year 2100. This could be a monumental problem for many low lying areas and cities of the world. Not only this, numerous other climate changes such as change in precipitation patterns, increment in acidity of oceans, reduction in ice cover, permafrost, unexpected droughts and floods, intense tsunamis and hurricanes and much more can be expected. Ultimately, the havoc caused from all of this can be very well assumed.How to make world a bit better?The above mentioned can be slowed and minimised if not entirely terminated. Recycling of metals can help cut down the need for extraction of ores, reducing environmental hazards caused by mining, refining, processing and packing. Recycling of plastic can help in minimizing the deposit of landfills. As it is a polymer, it can be melted and reused several times over. Recycling paper reduces the need of chopping down of trees and ultimately could help conserve forests. It also helps to reduce the use of incineration, process involved in d estruction of paper.Amongst some notable benefits of recycling, one of them is the conservation of energy. By reducing the need of new products, we can dexterously reduce the use of energy and the burning of fossil fuels used to harness energy. This could lower the emission of harmful gases drastically.Recycling plays an integral role in forefending this planet from further devastation. It is crucial for us to implement the idea of recycling into our everyday lives and play our own part in order to protect the Earth and make it a better place.

Evaluating the Value of the Multifactor Leadership

Evaluating the Value of the Multi figure leadThe Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure leading ability and behaviour in organisations and organisational studies. However this does not mean it is without flaws. This report exit describe and discuss the MLQ and its main purposes. It will analyse attractionship theories and the ways in which the test resonates with and conflicts with crabbed theories. In particular it will look at classic and contemporary leading perspectives and theories and how it has been applied to the development of the MLQ and the Multifactor Leadership Model the questionnaire is found on. This report will show that while there are flaws in the design, construction, sensibleity and practical performance of the MLQ, it is a reliable tool when used in conjunction with approximately other leadership selection and development tools and offers much promise in evaluating leadership ability and behavio urs, follower reactions and situational attri scarcees.In 1978, fire proposed that leaders could be distinguished in terms of transactional or transformational leaders (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450). In his work, transactional leadership consisted of an exchange process between the leader and follower in which the leader offers a return for compliance with his or her contract (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450) and is based on rewards and punishment. Transformational leadership on the other hand is the process of motivating followers or colleagues to do more than originally expected using charisma, influence and vision by transferring followers attitudes, beliefs and values, as opposed to simply gaining compliance (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450 Rafferty and Griffin, 2004, p 330). However, Burns proposed that a leader was either transformational or transactional, and that the two were at opposite ends of the spectrum.In the 1980s, Basss approach was able to draw heavily on Burns work, but hypothesised that successful leaders were transformational and transactional. Bass theory represented a combination of transformational, transactional and non-transactional laissez-faire leadership factors (Antonakis et al, 2003, p 264). Bass propositioned that transformational and transactional leadership elans are separate and self-sustaining dimensions that appear simultaneously (Tejeda, S footdura and Pillai, 2001, p 33) and that the transactional attributes would deliver the basic needs of an organisation, while the transformational attributes would foster change and encourage commitment. He believed that every leader displays each of the styles to some extent and called this the Full Range of Leadership Model (Bass, 1998, p. 7). However an in force(p) leader would discuss transformational attributes more frequently then transactional attributes.Central to Bass interrogation is the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 1997, p21). The MLQ i s a leadership assessment tool that measures leadership behaviour and style. It is the primary measurement tool of question on the theory (Tejeda et al, 2001, p 34). In its most recent format, the MLQ is a short but comprehensive survey of 45 items which measures a full range of leadership styles (http//www.cornerstone coach.com.au/MLQ_Questionnaire.html, 20/09/2010).The MLQ is designed to approximate the factors that are related to leadership and how these factors determine the efficiency and posture of a leader. It assesses the transformational leadership with five scales 1) idealised attributes, 2) idealised behaviours, 3) inspirational motivation, 4) intellectual stimulation and 5) individualised characterisation (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). Three scales are identified as characteristics of transactional leadership 1) contingent reward, 2) management by excommunication active and management by exception passive and one scale for Non-leadership, laissez-faire (Muenjo hn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). It alike assesses the outcome of leadership in terms of effectiveness and delight. The current version of the MLQ (Form 5X) was developed based on the results of studies of the previous versions and the feedback of leadership scholars who revised the questionnaire (XXXXX IN Antonakis, Avolio and Sivasubramaniam, 2003, p 265) and is used widely in investigate and across organisations in leadership assessment and development.Leadership Theories and the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThe Multifactor Leadership Model has become one of the most widely cited theory of leadership, and while Bass (Bass, 1990b, in Hartog et al, 1997, p19) claims that the transactional-transformational leadership model is a mod paradigm, and does not replace or explain other models, the model does in fact integrate ideas from classic and contemporary theories of leadership. Up until the late 1940s, the trait-based approach reign leadership approaches (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 448). These theories isolated characteristics that split upd leaders from non-leaders based on the enter that leaders are born, to an extent, and that the skills required are innate and are not developed over time. The Multifactor Leadership Theory is not a trait based approach however it is evident that there are certain traits exhibited that differentiate a transformational leader from a transactional leader or traits that are not considered as leadership qualities. For instance, confidence (question 25), pride (question 10), optimism (question 9), resiliance and enthusiasm (question 13) are seen as traits of transformational leaders. one question in the MLQ states my associates and followers trust me and exhibit the values I portray (www.mlq.com.au, accessed 21/09/2010). In this question, trustworthiness is a trait that is perceived as important for transformational leadership. In fact, Bass approach is based on the concept of the trait or characteristic of charisma. H owever what the MLQ does not do is state that leadership traits are innate, and that leaders cannot be developed. A key advantage of the MLQ is that it is a tool to assess leadership skills and develop the leader into becoming more effective, streamlined and transformational and show where development is required.From inception, the multifactor leadership model incorporated earlier behavioural approaches to leadership (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 175). Behaviour dimensions are actions that inspires by communicating a vision, actions that express considerations and behaviours that engage and challenge followers to think for themselves (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis et al, 2004, p 175). One of the best kn take approaches to behavioural leadership theories stems from research undertaken by a group of researchers at the Ohio State University. Stogdill and Coons identified two dimensions of leadership in their studies, referred to as consideration or employe e-oriented leadership and initiating structure or production-oriented leadership (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 7), not dis equal to transactional, or task focussed leadership.It is important to note that unlike trait based approaches to leadership which focuses on characteristics that is perceived to make a good leader, behavioural approaches emphasise that behaviour can be changed, and through training, individuals can be break out leaders. The MLQ is a tool that assesses current behaviour and can be used as a tool to assist in developing individuals to better leaders.In 1967, Fiedlar proposed a contingency model of leadership effectiveness which measured the leadership orientation of the person completing it (Fiedlar, 1967 in Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The leader was either human-relations oriented, that is, considerate of the subordinates feelings and concerned with fostering good relations, or task-motivated (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). Like Burns approac h on transactional and transformational leadership, Fiedlar proposed that leaders were either human-relations oriented or task motivated, and could alternate depending on the situational factors. The MLQ however shows that for a leader to be effective, both task oriented attributes and transformation attributes involve to be displayed. The two were not co-dependent. The theory focuses on contingent reward as motivation, and is standardised to transactional leader attributes. However, the theory highlighted that since a leaders personality does not change, it is instead necessary to change the situational factors instead, much(prenominal) as task structure, position power or leader-member relations (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The MLQ is an assessment tool based on analysing a persons behaviours and attributes and developing or changing their behaviour to transformational leaders alternatively than transactional or non-leaders rather than the need to change the environment or situation.The multifactor model seems to stem from research conducted from the late 1980s onwards and the theories that became known as contemporary perspectives. One such example is leadership through emotional intelligence (EI). EI is consistently associated with good leadership and is the ability to understand and manage feelings, moods and emotions in self and others (Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). The club between emotions and transformational leadership was assessed by research conducted in 2001 by Palmer, Walls and Burgess by measuring emotional intelligence in 43 participants in managerial roles using the Trait Meta Mood Scale, and effective transformational leadership attributes were measured by the MLQ. It was found that there was a positive correlation between EI and transformational leadership, a factor that has not been missed by Bass, who declared that leadership is as much emotional and subjective as rational and objective in effect (1999, p 19 in Kupers and Weib ler, 2005, p 369). This and other research has suggested that EI is an important component of transformational leadership, and the ability to utilise transactional attributes when required. In fact, transformational leaders would need to use emotion to transcend vision to gain a response from their subordinates. It is interesting to note that the EI model became prevalent from 1980 onwards. Perhaps for this reason Bass and team insisted that their multifactor leader model was not based on previous classic models of leadership but asserted that there was a positive birth between EI and transformational leadership. While this report does not propose that the multifactor model does not have any similarities to classic models, it is evident that the model has more similarity with contemporary models of leadership.Further correlations can be make between the multifactor model and the level 5 leadership model and inspirational leadership model. The level 5 leadership model is based on t he premise that an effective leader exhibits attributes effective leadership, competent management, contributing team membership and a highly capable individual and can in addition demonstrate personal humility and professional will. Inspirational leadership is a combination of level 5 leadership and EI. Inspirational leaders selectively show their own weaknesses, dare to be different, rely on intuition and ability to read interpersonal cues and practice tough empathy. Attributes of the multifactor model, including inspirational motivations, simulation and consideration are similar to the concepts presented above. Effective leaders will also be transformational and transactional, therefore showing both competent manager and highly capable individual attributes.Strengths and Weaknesses of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire functional ApplicationThe MLQ is essentially based on the premise that for a leader to be successful, transactional and transformational attributes need to b e displayed. This has also made the test popular and valid in a variety of situations and environments, including structured, task oriented workplaces, such as manufacturing or in a professional services environment, where employee empowerment, charisma and visionary leadership are prevalent. In addition, it is essentially a 360 power point feedback tool, that is used not only to develop the leader but to identify the thoughts of subordinates, thereby increasing accuracy, acceptance, better understanding of performance and gaps in performance and indicates the leadership skills an individual needs to develop to be effective. Based on the results, ineffective leaders can be differentiated from effective leaders. Furthermore, its successful application in a variety of organisations is highlighted by the fact that it has been translated in other languages to decrease the language barrier or cultural implications.What it does not take into account however, is other cultural implication s such as preferred or required leadership style or affectionate factors, and research has revealed that different cultures place value certain leadership styles and behaviours to a greater extent than others. Certain cultures for instance, may not value individualise d consideration for instance as much as the cultural norms of collectivist societies in China or India for instance, so attributes valued in the multifactor model may not be ideal in certain cultures. In a study by Shahin and Wright (2004), they highlighted that cooperation and coordination were important for loving integration among people in Egypt, stemming from social culture and its dependence on Islam (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 203). The MLQ does not take into account social culture and cultural implications and for this reason further questions were added measuring social integration. Shahin and Wright (2004) also noted that the form in which charismatic leadership portrayed in the Egyptian context has a stro ng element of authoritarianism (p 504). The leadership style exhibits strong elements of transactional leadership behaviours, where contingent reward and management by exception are required to ensure subordinates perform (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 504). Therefore the ideal measurements of the MLQ needed to be customised to suit the context.In additionValidity and DesignAs noted above, key to the multifactor model is based on the premise that the theoretical stress stems from classic and contemporary leadership, and is based on developing leaders, not that leaders are born. The MLQ is widely accepted and used and extensive research has been conducted that highlights its validity and reliableness to measure management behaviour and performance (Agle, 1993 Carless, Mann and Wearing, 1995 Lowe, Kroek and Sivasubramaniam, 1996). It has emerged from a through and rigorous research process over the past fifteen years (Whitelaw, 2001, p 1). helping of its success in implementation in tod ays business world is its success in integrating emotional intelligence into the attributes of transformation leaders. Based on the results, training, support, mentoring and coaching can be provided to the leader.It would be very difficult in criticising the MLQ in terms of its application, as the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) is widely used in academic research and also a broad range of different organisations across many cultures (Anatonakis et al, 2003 Krickbride, 2006). The evidence of this is the fact that the MLQ has been translated into ten different languages, and has extensively been used in organisations globally in the following sectors in many sectors such as training, consulting, financial and insurance institutes, law firms, hospitals, mining and manufacturing businesses, media, government, marketing, gaming industry, defence, retail, property businesses, education etc. However, research (House, 1997) reveals that different cultures vary immensely in the v alue they give to certain leadership styles and behaviours. This may lead to a problem in the potential application of the MLQ as leadership behaviour that is valued by the MLQ (e.g. individualised consideration towards subordinates) mogul violate certain cultural norms of collectivist societies e.g. India and Japan. Furthermore, a research conducted by Connelly, Zaccharo, Threlfall, Marks and Mumford (2002) reveals that questionnaires like MLQ in which subordinates and peers provide evaluation, fail to measure certain types of leadership skills, as they might be less observable e.g. knowledge, problem-solving and judgement capabilities.The ***** provides invaluable insights into the effectiveness of public organizations, especially on the point that the criteria are multiple, shifting, and conflicting (Rainey, 2003)The MLQ is capable of measuring the extent to which leadership is ***** considerate, providing the ***** with support, mentoring, ***** coaching (*****, p. 5). Establi shed ***** (Bass). In addition, the MLQ*****. Differentiates effective and ineffective leaders ***** all organizational levels2. Assesses the effectiveness ***** an entire organizations leadership3. Is valid ***** cultures ***** types of organizations*****. Is ***** to administer, requires 15 minutes to complete5. Has ***** extensively ***** and validated6. The MLQ provides the best relationship ***** survey data to organizational outcome and, 7. The MLQ has become ***** benchmark measure of Transformational Leadership (***** *****) The data developed from the ***** to date have been shown to highly correlate with ***** with effectiveness, performance, ***** satisfaction (Bass, p. 83). In addition, the feedback of MLQ results can also be used for mentoring, counseling, coaching, and training MLQ scores might also be used profitably to identify executives to head ***** ventures (Bass, p. 84). suppositional background is based on developing leaders, not that leaders are bornEI aspect s present in MLQPlenty of research and used widely, accepted360 degree feedback, tool to identify the thoughts of subordinates practical application design validityWeaknesses of Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireCultural factors e.g. org cultureEnvironmental factors, economy (crisis)Type of organisation e.g. manufacturing organisation might need diff style of leadership to professional services firmReliance on honestySelf-evaluationDoes not consider variance in thought or ideologySome questions may not apply in certain situationsOpportunities and Threats of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire practical application design validityConclusion

Modernist Dogma That Form Follows Function

Modernist belief That organise Follows FunctionThe aim of this thesis is to discuss the modernist dogma exploit follows give out. A good interior decoratorure is guesst to create a transgress turn tailal rule in course of life-style, am affairment, work, study, and so on. Hence, incessantlyy jut decisions at the architectural level should be made within the place setting of the partingal, ergonomic, and social requirements of the system be k forthwithing, which is a principle that equ everyy to motley follows officiate. The theory of make believe follows blend could be implicated to ontogeny, economics, culture tradition, and esthetic. They ar intimately linked with take, to produce contrasting visual effect and results.From the past to the present, figure out follows run away has been debate ceaselessly. Some argue that act follows function handle nonable architect Louis Sullivan believed that engineer ever follows function, however both(preno minal) of mess do not think so. Of course, issues are bound to stand positives and negatives. So, when mass severalize stock follows function nearly populate would be say why not function follows word skeleton. The get along of the modernist philosophy of design was beyond each doubt to say yes. In this design agentization seems like good sense but take a closer look at it and it force be ca single-valued function problematic. look at present sour of computer architecture, thither is enough licence that function follows ca hire, for without an understanding of striving. This presumes that it was accepted by humankind and actu bothy we batch take out from tradition principle, category follows function. In short, found and function is not in a happy marriage but in bionomics, it does work.Ecology became hot issue in current design. The word ecology is often misuse that it is more than on environsal studies, but strictly to say, in that location are sti ll different. The easy port to explain that ecology is interested with sustainability, environmental consciousness, kB, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from these requirements and from the reference pointistics of the site. And taking to the highest degree historical expression blends with reuse materials. make use of it to proceed anile targetings reference book elements with waste materials which quite a little be restoring the cultural meanings.Hence, the aim and objective of this dissertation is to create a debate form follows function or function follows form in stage to evidence form follows function is workable than opposite theory in this aesthetic perception prototypical society. anyhow, the objective is to assess future tense h obsoleteion and the movement toward an bionomical approach to construct nowadays.The study willing undertake of 3 parts of research which is the primary, alternative and thirdly data sources. These 3 researches for this dissertation have a broad help. Primarily sources would be observed how the tradition dogma can be circulated for so long in this look oriented society and what are the principal(prenominal) reasons that it was implicated? To identifies the themes through evolution, economics, and culture tradition. Moreover, the thesis will look at use of reprocess materials to retrofit historic builds in order to enhance sustainable. Secondary, the research would be done by respondents through survey capitulums. The aim of this survey is to hunch over perception and acceptance of Malayans towards ecologic architectures. The targeted community is different ages and occupations of Malaysians. Thirdly sources and illustrations would be completed from research based from books, internet and untriedspapers in order to obtain a more impersonal answer and solution.Chapter 2Functions do they precede forms?Form follows function or function follows form vindicatory as yell owed and egg. Which come first? This is depended on how we can compare between deuce of it. provided like design principle, form follows function can be confirmed from hundreds of age of experience with successful building projects. The design principle is continued to use until nowadays, it certainly has its rationale.Form has to be combined with the function, which is not option totallyy to decide on it. In tradition principle, the function of the building purpose for why plurality use the building drives the form.But at the aforesaid(prenominal) time its the formal conditions of environment, climate, building materials and separate forces that begin to fancy how the purpose falls its users. Other point of view is the vision, which includes many factors for instance, the multiple functions, the stakeh sr.s, the target users and is inherently long term.Besides, function leads the designer to destine down the options and provide a begin point to help them more easily to co mplete their project. If the form does not bind with the function then the function might end up being not usable. Function necessitate form in order to memorandum its aim the form needs function too. Form without function is just a moderately piece of plain paper, no meaning. This is most direct way to prove that it is workable.Whoever designed the buildings undoubtedly has a mind to satisfy your useable needs. Further, the designer probably intended the overall form of the buildings to fit their purpose and prearrange that purpose esthetically. That imply that function is something that precedes the form that it exists independently of form that it is there before form takes shape.View of evolutionTurn back to the question close first chicken or egg. To philosophers, the question almost the first chicken or egg to a fault brings out the questions of how life and the universe in general began. If we ignore all these, just strain on the view of evolutionism, we order every f orm has a purpose to evolve, form follows function and evolution is actually work hands in hands.In the universal view of evolution by natural selection, in which brisk variations in the environment and time, function constantly follows form. safe like Louis Sullivan, an America architect who keen on primary principle form follows function. In 1896, in Sullivans article The tall office building artistically upseted, he states thatIt is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things somatogenetic and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.From his works we could cope his thinking was deeply influenced by Darwin. In Darwins theory of evolution in natural selection, every form in a plant or living organism has a purpose in that species survival in order to saving of a fun ctional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Therefore, all the faultily species would be eliminated step by step over time. Here Sullivan (1896) quotes thatIn nature, all shapes express the inner life, the native quality, of the animal, tree bird, fish, that they present to us they are so characteristic, so recognizable, that we say, simply, it is natural it should be so.So that, form follows function is pre-determinates, everyone can not arbitrarily to change it. If the dogma breaking, the world would be standstill, can not evolve into what we are beh over-the-hilling now. For instance with evolution, form does not follow function. Rabbits do not develop their ears to become longer in order to void the enemy in the wild. Moreover, the form of a building essential be a consequence of its purpose. If no form follows function, the jacket crown of the household would not be gable type in order to avoid accumulation of water when it was raining. This sta tement showed Darwins theory leading us with evolution it is in like manner the case that form follows function.Beauty controlled by compriseThe evolution of time creates different kind of decorative styles facade brand houses (see fig. 1), which were emerged from Neoclassical to Bauhaus in Malaysia. In the late 1910 the two dictum of form follows function and ornament is a crime were widely used by the Bauhauss designers. They disseminated rationality, functionality, simplify forms, and mass-production. In short, form is dominated by make up. Just as the facade of Malaysias keep going houses are increasingly simplistic because of represent impact.Fig.1 An evolution of shop house from 18th to 19th century. There is not rough to find the shop houses styles would be make changed by the time, unnecessary ornament was avoid because of cost-effective.The decoration of facade is based on the period of the time. The decoration styles which typified the facades of Malaysian shop hou se constructed up to 1920s. As the same time the construction of shop houses r all(prenominal)ed its apex during the rubber boom until World War 2 occurred. later that the global economy started to downswing until the war ends. Hence, the form of shop house started to evolve to simple sources at that time. It was by the reason of impact of cost. Furthermore, the previous shop houses are nothing practically function at all except aesthetic, does not accord with design principle. So, unnecessary decorations were weeded out by time. Geometrical shapes and simplified lines were replaced the previous period style. In the 1960s and 1970s, shop houses again became the common building, its form was to continue along similar lines, simple and austere. Nothing is superfluous.In the 1980s, there were insufficient spaces to provide to urban Malaysians because of the impact booming car parks. or so of the shop houses were replaced by high rise buildings in order to complete the surround roa d and parking area. The form has to follow the function therefore unnecessary decorations have been omitted. And this is what we are seen now.Admittedly, a majority of forms were controlled by cost especially in Malaysia. consort to the result of survey, close to 50 per cent of the people will be premised on the price of design. Besides, result of the survey shows that there are about 77 per cent of people is unwilling to pay more money to their house design because they generally believe that good design can also have low-cost. That is proved that it is line with Bauhauss purpose.View of cultureArchitectural culture is very eventful to us. Just like the ancestors put different value on forms. And this value will to a great extent depend on cultural perspective and conventions. That means culture that reflects peoples life and their use of objects need to be comprised in the form. And the form of a building mustiness show the culture or story of its life. If not, our culture wi ll be bogged down or disappear. Generations do not slam what ancestors left it to them and what the meaning behind. This can be demonstrated by the ensample of traditional house in Sabah. There is a very good example to express Malaysias culture.The traditional houses of Sabah reflect not only the beauty of traditional architecture, but also incorporates various cultural aspects of the ethnic groups of Sabah that can be comprehended by all multiplications as well as visitors to the state. Moreover, the houses show the diverse ways in which people have line uped to their environment, lifestyle, ritual, and beliefs. Natives of Sabah only can adapt to the environment in order to survive in this place. They grab whatever their needs from surrounding area at the place that they are living. In the other words, their residences will follow their lifestyle to make a change accordingly. That is what has mentioned before, form follows function.The houses were reinforced by the various et hnic groups themselves to ensure quality and authenticity of each of these houses. They also reflect the skills of the topical anaesthetic people in the past in utilizing existing building materials from their environment. The site of a houses organization may be influenced by the sun and the river a impudent supply of water.Longhouse represents indigenous people of Sabah ar unity and harmony. There are various types long houses in Sabah. The Rungus Longhouse (see fig. 2) is one of them. The houses are not located on very high stilts to support they are usually only having around trine to five feet above the ground. The roof is low, and in forepart on the house acts like a sunshade, keeping the house cool even during the hottest part of the day time. The existed doors of longhouses have 75. Now they rarely more than 10 doors, along the public corridor that has an elevated platform of split bamboo. The house is framed by outer slanting walls of wide-spaced shores. This provides fr esh air circulation and a genial sitting area for work, liberalisation and socializing. The materials of construct were taken from surrounding area where they could get to. For instance, their methods of construction are interlocking and lash with strips of rattan or woodwind because of hard to get a screw in their surrounding area.Fig. 2 Rungus longhouses combined with the body structure of climate, environment, materials, and applied science. So, the forms of the house is follows their lifestyle and environment.Indigenous people of Sabah are used to live as a group. Each increase in the longhouses are emphasizes its space organization reveals the close relationship between a family and the longhouse community. A longhouse is designed to private spaces for each family as well as open space for the whole community. The Rungus longhouses consist of several family apartments at the rear of t house and a communal art gallery at the front. Each sulap contains an earthen fireplace ( rapuan) and a sleeping area for a couple and their unmarried daughters boys and guests sleep at veranda (saloh). Furthermore, dance platform (lansaran) is built in a central area on the saloh. It is used for festival and in which the whole community participates in notification and dancing. That means the space think of the house is follows our lifestyle and habit.In the other words, according the survey find out a large semblance of people care about ergonomics. viz. Form follows function is absolutely necessarily in design.Fig. 3 The Rungus house open plan thought.On the other words, there are reflected how Sabahs indigenous people are versatile. The house was tie in a traditional life-style with the advancement of modern ideas, and keep down antediluvian skills, in this period of fast development. Longhouse might exist because they will make changes by the environment to develop. In other words, their houses were built along with their requirements.Chapter 3 wherefore not function follows form?The opposites view is that it is merely a functionalist approach. And we alleged dogma- form follows function might lack aesthetic appeal. The aspect of art always provides more than one option. Form follows function tended to kill the contribution of art in designs. point they counted fundamental principle in design is disturbingIf does not following the principle of form follows function then a tall building should locate in everywhere and all has the same, there is no mathematical function except aesthetic. That means a high rise building in Beijing should look like other one in Taiwan, differently from the form only. Just as three famous modern architects of 20th century- Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and forthright Lloyd Wright, whom are stand to the principle. They all had their own particularly styles to use in different building materials to interpret function. Mies used steel and glass, Corbu used concrete, and Frank emphasized wood or concrete b lock. If ignores issues of culture, climate, technology, building material, all these about the function, and just as important on the style and preferences of the architect. All famous buildings should in a jumbled situation or one day you might live in an aesthetically house which made by paper. That signification that functions is driving the form.Of course, architecture has always looked for the way to transcend its own history. Contemporary architecture its not the exception but it has lost one of its basic principles for good as National Stadium, Beijing, which while innovative in concept, is famously poor for its function. In the other words, the innovative concept that designer express to cover up functionality of the arena should have.Beijing National Stadium as admitn as the Birds Nest, which was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_MeuronHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_Meuron de Meuron . The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The concept of the stadium is based on three flavors which are technology, pushing conservation, and cultural conversation. It all looks perfectly in line with the concept of nowadays building design but it lost its victor aims when the designer has pertinacious to priority of sculptural form giving over the stadium needs of function.Birds Nest design emphasis novelty and technology, so they are used a lot of bracing technology and materials. Hence, they used Q460 steel to construct the stadium. It seems a great design but it is fail. From the figure 4, we find the sporting of glory on the stadium. It has an amazing night view. Surp raisely, the first figure and the second is a mightily contrast. During the day time, the audiences can not watch the match because there is shadow on all sitesFig. 4 The night view of Beijing National Stadium, China.Fig. 5 The audiences can not focus on the show because the shadow of the stadium is being in a humbled condition during the day time.Therefore, they installed double translucent membrane at the top of the structure to solve the problem. The membranes got 30 percent of glint permission only. As the same time, it is showed the interior of stadium would be not enough light despite they are used solar baron multiplication system. In the case of dynamism conservation, the designer did not much to think over the climate of Beijing. There are four seasons but the solar power generation system is not work at the season or time that without sunlight, they still need to use electricity to maintain the brightness of the stadium. It does not carry brawniness conservation and environment friendly points.According to the Chinas Xin Hua News Agency reported, the person in charge of the stadium indicated that the complex structure of the stadium caused forethought cost up to 6,000 million dollars (RMB) per year. It is difficult to obtain a profit a fter Olympic ceremony. And this important project for the Olympics had been invested seven gazillion dollars, just because of alleged new technology. That is not in line with cost effective.On the other hand, the designer had not considered in the design of the stadium intelligibly in the construction stage, short proposed the Birds Nest roof problems. According to the assistant of Mayor said that the Birds Nest is a steel structure, it is extremely difficult to construct. The original design has a roof but the load of the roof close to the limit. It is very dangerous for safety issues. So, the expert advised to cancel the original roof. In the new design, the roof of the stadium was covering also but can not completely cover up whole stadium. That means it would be leaking.In addition, the stadiums design did not show the Chinese spirit. This is a good opportunity for Chinese, to let foreigners to understand their country culture. But they did not it is a very unfortunate thing . All these problems mentioned before, it is sufficient evidence to proves the designer do not consider functionality, he just keen on his novelty and newness he wanted to pretermit the important of the functional. So, if function follows form might occur when functionality is ignored. This also prove that function always precede form.Chapter 44.0 Forms in the future look like raft are beginning to realize importance of environmental protection, starting to follow the footstep of squirt. So, the global future will be green architectures trend. An bionomic lifestyle involves conscious rising about the relationship between consumption today and the conditions for future generation. Ecological development requires a balance between mankinds conception, the environment and the available recourses.Urban ecologist and author of Surviving the Century Facing Climate Chaos and other Global Challenges, Herbert Girardet quotes thatGreen buildings are making giant strides now because of publ ic debate and new technology. Everyone may want to live a modern lifestyle but we know we cannot continue wrecking the planet. We need to build houses that dont need an outside energy supply.Hence, ecology thinking must be natural reflex for the architect of the future. And this was a response to the changing climate which demanded new buildings of increasing cut energy consumption and solid waste problems. The architect works on the basis of a new order where the building as a whole meets the requirements and challenges of an ecological future measures and novelty materials in an aesthetic and social program. And that is what thesis had mentioned before- form follows function. In despite of future or the past, we all can not escape from the rule.4.1 Form follows greenGreen design, as know as ecological design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Besides green building is also environment conscious design solutions where a sustainable form and fun ction. Basically, green buildings concept is based on functional also. in the main people concentrated on construct and appearance of the green building, neglecting material is also an important part in a building. It reminds people about cycle to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as it is sustained by materials that can be recycled.The concept of sustainable building unifies multifarious of strategies during the exercise of building projects. The use of green building materials and products are very widely, which represents an important part in strategy at the design of a building. On the opposite, aesthetic has become the secondary. It is designed for sheer the solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, impact of the built environment on human health and save on natural resource use.4.2 Historic building blends with recycle materialsMost of the historic or old buildings emphasize exuberant and extravagant decoration especially Europ ean architecture which emerged from Neoclassical. Decorative style design more tends to decoration and aesthetic, neglect a building need and caused wasted spaces. But old building does not mean it is unprofitable. By reason of older building can be refurbish and renovate so that they can continue to function as urban elements to make the goals of green building. Besides making good use of old building can make environment sense, using and enhancing what already have.Green building is not just saving energy or else. It is also using product made from recycle material when renovating or constructing a new building. Just as Malaysia has a lot of heritage buildings also, but heritage buildings conservation is not entirely commercially viable It requires on the contrary a skillfully trouble and maintenance fee. So, why not get them into green elements while retaining their historic character? Green restorations included reduce energy consumption and durability of older and heritage b uildings. Respectful renovation in order to reduce the operating energy of a building, making building renovation one of the most direct climate actions to express environment protection. This chapter will look at strategies for renovation while remaining their culture and heritage character in order to archive forms and function to be one.Renovation is a brilliant thing especially the architect for the renovation of an old building is taken into all the important views that are peculiarly for the renovation of an old building. Nevertheless there is something different. Just as historic city, George Town being listed as pagan WorldHYPERLINK http//whc.unesco.org/ Heritage Sites as know as UNESCO. Of course, most of buildings in George Town have to renovation, just as High coquette Pulau Pinang (see Fig.6 7). Although the governments are trying to remained all the forms as similitude as possible, it still have different. By the reason of all the renovate materials are new. They are lack of the use of recycle materials to retrofits. Most of the people like to use something new but they forget the old things even more value than new. These valuable materials are not easily copied by the new materials. Especially some of materials or decoration has no longer reproduction, and recycle material can be any help.Fig. 6 High Court before renovation in George Town,Fig. 7 High Court after renovation in George Town.Besides that, the one more important thing that we have to admit is restoration an old building with recycle materials for all of us are still pretty new and it is not accepted by the most. People still full of worries about it. According to the survey, a signifi slant number of people can accept renovation but they generally felt that the maintenance costs of old buildings will be very expensive. As a matter of fact, they are lack of knowledge and understanding of recycle and renovate. Although some of the green materials cost higher than old building, there are still many more green materials cost still less than the standard. These green materials have better designs for a new generation of environmentally friendly products that are cost saving to produce. Many more of innovations today are coming from green manufacturers. Furthermore, recycle building materials lies in decrease the need for industry to make a new product. All of the energy that is spent in manufacturing and transporting something can be saved.The main reason to use recycle building materials are some of the old building materials still preserved their character elements, these can be restore the cultural meanings. It can be preserve their identity while enhance functionality. On the other hand, materials usage is marry up with structure of the building. And it is have a great relationship with ergonomics. That means materials are one of the function as well It is what the thesis mention before that forms and functions can be one.Chapter 55.0 ConclusionWhatever, we c ant escape from tradition. To achieve the vanquish of both worlds are very difficult. The debate about form and function is a vexed question. Some debate that form follows function, others, like architect Frank Lloyd Wright believed that form and function are one. However, in contemporary society there is sufficient evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. Even so, there are some cases when form and function are one in order to get a balance. That is what we are inclined to green architectures.According to the result of survey, a proportion of people care about environment friendly but a significant number of peoples houses are not ecological sustainable house. Even so they are paid the fee for the home design, they would not design home as sustainable house. Not because of excluded, just because they are generally thought that cost of the house design they cant afford and worry about the maintenance of the house.From other point of view, more tha n half the numbers game of people are disgruntled towards their house designs. That means Malaysias architectures do not meet peoples expectation in its design criterion. It just only designs All the things consider that ecological design is accepted by Malaysian but they do not know much in it. By the reason of around 54% of the people prefer practicality quite a than appearance. That imply form follows function is workable but it is a pity to say that sometimes forms were controlled by cost, natural selection, and culture. juxtaposed look at the impulse of function and the dogma form follows function, expressed why this impression proved to be so important. By the reason of the functionalist notion of function serves as run away to design the form. It guides the designer to narrow down the options and provide a starting point. The form now has a purpose or duty, if you will, of projecting the function that lies within. Just as a project has a problem to be solved rather than just making it look pretty is the great challenge. Function needs form in order to get a balance, it work as hand in hand. So, if an object has to present a perfect function, its design must be support that function. And continue to repeat again and again Form follows function. Form follows function.Modernist Dogma That Form Follows FunctionModernist Dogma That Form Follows FunctionThe aim of this thesis is to discuss the modernist dogma form follows function. A good architecture is meant to create a better functional design in course of lifestyle, amusement, work, study, and so on. Hence, all design decisions at the architectural level should be made within the context of the functional, ergonomic, and social requirements of the system being designed, which is a principle that equally to form follows function. The theory of form follows function could be implicated to evolution, economics, culture tradition, and aesthetic. They are closely linked with form, to produce different vis ual effect and results.From the past to the present, form follows function has been debate ceaselessly. Some argue that form follows function like famous architect Louis Sullivan believed that form ever follows function, but some of people do not think so. Of course, issues are bound to have positives and negatives. So, when people say form follows function some people would be say why not function follows form. The answer of the modernist philosophy of design was beyond all doubt to say yes. In this design dictum seems like good sense but take a closer look at it and it might become problematic. Looking at present form of architecture, there is enough evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. This presumes that it was accepted by public and actually we can escape from tradition principle, form follows function. In short, form and function is not in a happy marriage but in ecology, it does work.Ecology became hot issue in current design. The word eco logy is often misused that it is more on environmental studies, but strictly to say, there are still different. The easy way to explain that ecology is concerned with sustainability, environmental consciousness, green, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from these requirements and from the characteristics of the site. And taking about historic building blends with recycle materials. Use it to preserve old buildings character elements with waste materials which can be restoring the cultural meanings.Hence, the aim and objective of this dissertation is to create a debate form follows function or function follows form in order to evidence form follows function is workable than opposite theory in this aesthetic perception first society. Besides, the objective is to assess future direction and the movement toward an ecological approach to building nowadays.The study will undertake of 3 parts of research which is the primary, secondary and thirdly data sources. Th ese 3 researches for this dissertation have a great help. Primarily sources would be observed how the tradition dogma can be circulated for so long in this appearance oriented society and what are the main reasons that it was implicated? To identifies the themes through evolution, economics, and culture tradition. Moreover, the thesis will look at use of recycle materials to retrofit historic buildings in order to enhance sustainable. Secondary, the research would be done by respondents through survey questions. The aim of this survey is to know perception and acceptance of Malaysians towards ecological architectures. The targeted community is different ages and occupations of Malaysians. Thirdly sources and illustrations would be completed from research based from books, internet and newspapers in order to obtain a more impersonal answer and solution.Chapter 2Functions do they precede forms?Form follows function or function follows form just as chicken and egg. Which come first? Th is is depended on how we can compare between two of it. Just like design principle, form follows function can be confirmed from hundreds of years of experience with successful building projects. The design principle is continued to use until nowadays, it certainly has its rationale.Form has to be combined with the function, which is not optionally to decide on it. In tradition principle, the function of the building purpose for why people use the building drives the form.But at the same time its the formal conditions of environment, climate, building materials and other forces that begin to propose how the purpose reflects its users. Other point of view is the vision, which includes many factors for instance, the multiple functions, the stakeholders, the target users and is inherently long term.Besides, function leads the designer to narrow down the options and provide a beginning point to help them more easily to complete their project. If the form does not bind with the function t hen the function might end up being not usable. Function needs form in order to archive its aim the form needs function too. Form without function is just a pretty piece of plain paper, no meaning. This is most direct way to prove that it is workable.Whoever designed the buildings undoubtedly has a mind to satisfy your functional needs. Further, the designer probably intended the overall form of the buildings to fit their purpose and prearrange that purpose aesthetically. That imply that function is something that precedes the form that it exists independently of form that it is there before form takes shape.View of evolutionTurn back to the question about first chicken or egg. To philosophers, the question about the first chicken or egg also brings out the questions of how life and the universe in general began. If we ignore all these, just focus on the view of evolutionism, we found every form has a purpose to evolve, form follows function and evolution is actually work hands in h ands.In the universal view of evolution by natural selection, in which new variations in the environment and time, function always follows form. Just like Louis Sullivan, an America architect who keen on basic principle form follows function. In 1896, in Sullivans article The tall office building artistically considered, he states thatIt is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.From his works we could know his thinking was deeply influenced by Darwin. In Darwins theory of evolution in natural selection, every form in a plant or animal has a purpose in that species survival in order to conservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Therefore, all the faultily species would be eliminated gradually over time. Here Sullivan (1896) quotes thatIn nature, all shapes express the inner life, the native quality, of the animal, tree bird, fish, that they present to us they are so characteristic, so recognizable, that we say, simply, it is natural it should be so.So that, form follows function is pre-determinates, everyone can not arbitrarily to change it. If the dogma breaking, the world would be standstill, can not evolve into what we are seeing now. For instance with evolution, form does not follow function. Rabbits do not develop their ears to become longer in order to avoid the enemy in the wild. Moreover, the form of a building must be a consequence of its purpose. If no form follows function, the roof of the house would not be gable type in order to avoid accumulation of water when it was raining. This statement showed Darwins theory leading us with evolution it is also the case that form follows function.Beauty controlled by costThe evolution of time cre ates different kind of decorative styles facade shop houses (see fig. 1), which were emerged from Neoclassical to Bauhaus in Malaysia. In the late 1910 the two dictum of form follows function and ornament is a crime were widely used by the Bauhauss designers. They disseminated rationality, functionality, simplified forms, and mass-production. In short, form is dominated by cost. Just as the facade of Malaysias shop houses are increasingly simplistic because of cost impact.Fig.1 An evolution of shop house from 18th to 19th century. There is not difficult to find the shop houses styles would be make changed by the time, unnecessary decoration was avoid because of cost-effective.The decoration of facade is based on the period of the time. The decoration styles which typified the facades of Malaysian shop house constructed up to 1920s. As the same time the construction of shop houses reached its apex during the rubber boom until World War 2 occurred. After that the global economy starte d to downturn until the war ends. Hence, the form of shop house started to evolve to simple lines at that time. It was by the reason of impact of cost. Furthermore, the previous shop houses are nothing much function at all except aesthetic, does not accord with design principle. So, unnecessary decorations were weeded out by time. Geometrical shapes and simplified lines were replaced the previous period style. In the 1960s and 1970s, shop houses again became the common building, its form was to continue along similar lines, simple and austere. Nothing is superfluous.In the 1980s, there were insufficient spaces to provide to urban Malaysians because of the impact booming car parks. Most of the shop houses were replaced by high rise buildings in order to complete the surrounded road and parking area. The form has to follow the function therefore unnecessary decorations have been omitted. And this is what we are seen now.Admittedly, a majority of forms were controlled by cost especiall y in Malaysia. According to the result of survey, about 50 per cent of the people will be premised on the price of design. Besides, result of the survey shows that there are about 77 per cent of people is unwilling to pay more money to their house design because they generally believe that good design can also have low-cost. That is proved that it is line with Bauhauss purpose.View of cultureArchitectural culture is very important to us. Just like the ancestors put different value on forms. And this value will heavily depend on cultural perspective and conventions. That means culture that reflects peoples life and their use of objects need to be comprised in the form. And the form of a building must show the culture or story of its life. If not, our culture will be bogged down or disappear. Generations do not know what ancestors left it to them and what the meaning behind. This can be demonstrated by the example of traditional house in Sabah. There is a very good example to express Malaysias culture.The traditional houses of Sabah reflect not only the beauty of traditional architecture, but also incorporates various cultural aspects of the ethnic groups of Sabah that can be appreciated by all generations as well as visitors to the state. Moreover, the houses show the diverse ways in which people have adapted to their environment, lifestyle, ritual, and beliefs. Natives of Sabah only can adapt to the environment in order to survive in this place. They grab whatever their needs from surrounding area at the place that they are living. In the other words, their residences will follow their lifestyle to make a change accordingly. That is what has mentioned before, form follows function.The houses were built by the various ethnic groups themselves to ensure quality and authenticity of each of these houses. They also reflect the skills of the local people in the past in utilizing existing building materials from their environment. The site of a houses organization ma y be influenced by the sun and the river a fresh supply of water.Longhouse represents indigenous people of Sabah ar unity and harmony. There are various types long houses in Sabah. The Rungus Longhouse (see fig. 2) is one of them. The houses are not located on very high stilts to support they are usually only having around three to five feet above the ground. The roof is low, and in forepart on the house acts like a sunshade, keeping the house cool even during the hottest part of the day time. The existed doors of longhouses have 75. Now they rarely more than 10 doors, along the public corridor that has an elevated platform of split bamboo. The house is framed by outer slanting walls of wide-spaced shores. This provides fresh air circulation and a comfortable sitting area for work, relaxation and socializing. The materials of construct were taken from surrounding area where they could get to. For instance, their methods of construction are interlocking and lash with strips of rattan or woods because of hard to get a screw in their surrounding area.Fig. 2 Rungus longhouses combined with the structure of climate, environment, materials, and technology. So, the forms of the house is follows their lifestyle and environment.Indigenous people of Sabah are used to live as a group. Each increase in the longhouses are emphasizes its space organization reveals the close relationship between a family and the longhouse community. A longhouse is designed to private spaces for each family as well as open space for the whole community. The Rungus longhouses consist of several family apartments at the rear of t house and a communal veranda at the front. Each sulap contains an earthen fireplace (rapuan) and a sleeping area for a couple and their unmarried daughters boys and guests sleep at veranda (saloh). Furthermore, dance platform (lansaran) is built in a central area on the saloh. It is used for festival and in which the whole community participates in singing and dancing. That means the space planning of the house is follows our lifestyle and habit.In the other words, according the survey find out a large proportion of people care about ergonomics. Namely Form follows function is absolutely necessarily in design.Fig. 3 The Rungus house open plan concept.On the other words, there are reflected how Sabahs indigenous people are versatile. The house was tie in a traditional life-style with the advancement of modern ideas, and keep down ancient skills, in this period of rapid development. Longhouse might exist because they will make changes by the environment to develop. In other words, their houses were built along with their requirements.Chapter 3Why not function follows form?The opposites view is that it is merely a functionalist approach. And we alleged dogma- form follows function might lack aesthetic appeal. The aspect of art always provides more than one option. Form follows function tended to kill the contribution of art in designs. Even they cou nted fundamental principle in design is disturbingIf does not following the principle of form follows function then a tall building should locate in everywhere and all has the same, there is no role except aesthetic. That means a high rise building in Beijing should look like other one in Taiwan, differently from the form only. Just as three famous modern architects of 20th century- Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright, whom are stand to the principle. They all had their own particularly styles to use in different building materials to interpret function. Mies used steel and glass, Corbu used concrete, and Frank emphasized wood or concrete block. If ignores issues of culture, climate, technology, building material, all these about the function, and just as important on the style and preferences of the architect. All famous buildings should in a jumbled situation or one day you might live in an aesthetically house which made by paper. That signification that functi ons is driving the form.Of course, architecture has always looked for the way to transcend its own history. Contemporary architecture its not the exception but it has lost one of its basic principles for good as National Stadium, Beijing, which while innovative in concept, is famously poor for its function. In the other words, the innovative concept that designer express to cover up functionality of the stadium should have.Beijing National Stadium as known as the Birds Nest, which was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_MeuronHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_Meuron de Meuron . The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The concept of the stadium is based on three notions which are technology, energy conservation, and cultural conversation. It all looks perfectly in line with the concept of nowadays building design but it lost its original aims when the designer has deci ded to priority of sculptural form giving over the stadium needs of function.Birds Nest design emphasis novelty and technology, so they are used a lot of new technology and materials. Hence, they used Q460 steel to construct the stadium. It seems a great design but it is fail. From the figure 4, we find the sporting of glory on the stadium. It has an amazing night view. Surprisingly, the first figure and the second is a mightily contrast. During the day time, the audiences can not watch the match because there is shadow on all sitesFig. 4 The night view of Beijing National Stadium, China.Fig. 5 The audiences can not focus on the show because the shadow of the stadium is being in a disordered condition during the day time.Therefore, they installed double translucent membrane at the top of the structure to solve the problem. The membranes got 30 percent of light permission only. As the same time, it is showed the interior of stadium would be not enough light despite they are used sola r power generation system. In the case of energy conservation, the designer did not much to think over the climate of Beijing. There are four seasons but the solar power generation system is not work at the season or time that without sunlight, they still need to use electricity to maintain the brightness of the stadium. It does not carry energy conservation and environment friendly points.According to the Chinas Xin Hua News Agency reported, the person in charge of the stadium indicated that the complex structure of the stadium caused maintenance cost up to 6,000 million dollars (RMB) per year. It is difficult to obtain a profit after Olympic ceremony. And this important project for the Olympics had been invested seven billion dollars, just because of alleged new technology. That is not in line with cost effective.On the other hand, the designer had not considered in the design of the stadium clearly in the construction stage, suddenly proposed the Birds Nest roof problems. Accordi ng to the assistant of Mayor said that the Birds Nest is a steel structure, it is extremely difficult to construct. The original design has a roof but the load of the roof close to the limit. It is very dangerous for safety issues. So, the expert advised to cancel the original roof. In the new design, the roof of the stadium was covering also but can not completely cover up whole stadium. That means it would be leaking.In addition, the stadiums design did not show the Chinese spirit. This is a good opportunity for Chinese, to let foreigners to understand their country culture. But they did not it is a very regrettable thing. All these problems mentioned before, it is sufficient evidence to proves the designer do not consider functionality, he just keen on his novelty and newness he wanted to neglect the important of the functional. So, if function follows form might occur when functionality is ignored. This also prove that function always precede form.Chapter 44.0 Forms in the futur e look likePeople are beginning to realize importance of environmental protection, starting to follow the footstep of green. So, the global future will be green architectures trend. An ecological lifestyle involves conscious rising about the relationship between consumption today and the conditions for future generation. Ecological development requires a balance between mankinds conception, the environment and the available recourses.Urban ecologist and author of Surviving the Century Facing Climate Chaos and other Global Challenges, Herbert Girardet quotes thatGreen buildings are making giant strides now because of public debate and new technology. Everyone may want to live a modern lifestyle but we know we cannot continue wrecking the planet. We need to build houses that dont need an outside energy supply.Hence, ecology thinking must be natural reflex for the architect of the future. And this was a response to the changing climate which demanded new buildings of increasing cut en ergy consumption and solid waste problems. The architect works on the basis of a new order where the building as a whole meets the requirements and challenges of an ecological future measures and novelty materials in an aesthetic and social program. And that is what thesis had mentioned before- form follows function. In despite of future or the past, we all can not escape from the rule.4.1 Form follows greenGreen design, as know as ecological design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Besides green building is also environment conscious design solutions where a sustainable form and function. Basically, green buildings concept is based on functional also. Mostly people concentrated on construct and appearance of the green building, neglecting material is also an important part in a building. It reminds people about recycling to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as it is sustained by materials that can be recycled.The concept of sustainable building unifies multifarious of strategies during the process of building projects. The use of green building materials and products are very widely, which represents an important part in strategy at the design of a building. On the contrary, aesthetic has become the secondary. It is designed for reduce the solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, impact of the built environment on human health and save on natural resource use.4.2 Historic building blends with recycle materialsMost of the historic or old buildings emphasize exuberant and extravagant decoration especially European architecture which emerged from Neoclassical. Decorative style design more tends to decoration and aesthetic, neglect a building need and caused wasted spaces. But old building does not mean it is unprofitable. By reason of older building can be refurbish and renovate so that they can continue to function as urban elements to achieve the goals of green building. Besides making good use of old building can make environment sense, using and enhancing what already have.Green building is not just saving energy or else. It is also using product made from recycle material when renovating or constructing a new building. Just as Malaysia has a lot of heritage buildings also, but heritage buildings conservation is not entirely commercially viable It requires on the contrary a skillfully management and maintenance fee. So, why not get them into green elements while retaining their historic character? Green renovations included reduce energy consumption and durability of older and heritage buildings. Respectful renovation in order to reduce the operating energy of a building, making building renovation one of the most direct climate actions to express environment protection. This chapter will look at strategies for renovation while remaining their culture and heritage character in order to archive forms and function to be one.Renovation is a brilliant thing especially the architect for the renovation of an old building is taken into all the important views that are peculiarly for the renovation of an old building. Nevertheless there is something different. Just as historic city, George Town being listed as Cultural WorldHYPERLINK http//whc.unesco.org/ Heritage Sites as know as UNESCO. Of course, most of buildings in George Town have to renovation, just as High Court Pulau Pinang (see Fig.6 7). Although the governments are trying to remained all the forms as similitude as possible, it still have different. By the reason of all the renovate materials are new. They are lack of the use of recycle materials to retrofits. Most of the people like to use something new but they forget the old things even more value than new. These valuable materials are not easily copied by the new materials. Especially some of materials or decoration has no longer reproduction, and recycle material can be any help.Fig. 6 High Court before renovation in George Town,Fig. 7 High Court after renovation in George Town.Besides that, the one more important thing that we have to admit is restoration an old building with recycle materials for all of us are still pretty new and it is not accepted by the most. People still full of worries about it. According to the survey, a significant number of people can accept renovation but they generally felt that the maintenance costs of old buildings will be very expensive. As a matter of fact, they are lack of knowledge and understanding of recycle and renovate. Although some of the green materials cost higher than old building, there are still many more green materials cost still less than the standard. These green materials have better designs for a new generation of environmentally friendly products that are cost saving to produce. Many more of innovations today are coming from green manufacturers. Furthermore, recycle building materials lies in diminishing the need for industry to make a new product. All of the energy that is spent in manufacturing and transporting something can be saved.The main reason to use recycle building materials are some of the old building materials still preserved their character elements, these can be restore the cultural meanings. It can be preserve their identity while enhance functionality. On the other hand, materials usage is marry up with structure of the building. And it is have a great relationship with ergonomics. That means materials are one of the function as well It is what the thesis mention before that forms and functions can be one.Chapter 55.0 ConclusionWhatever, we cant escape from tradition. To achieve the best of both worlds are very difficult. The debate about form and function is a vexed question. Some debate that form follows function, others, like architect Frank Lloyd Wright believed that form and function are one. However, in contemporary society there is sufficient evidence that function follows form, for without an understan ding of form. Even so, there are some cases when form and function are one in order to get a balance. That is what we are inclined to green architectures.According to the result of survey, a proportion of people care about environment friendly but a significant number of peoples houses are not ecological sustainable house. Even so they are paid the fee for the home design, they would not design home as sustainable house. Not because of excluded, just because they are generally thought that cost of the house design they cant afford and worry about the maintenance of the house.From other point of view, more than half the numbers of people are dissatisfied towards their house designs. That means Malaysias architectures do not meet peoples expectation in its design criterion. It just only designs All the things consider that ecological design is accepted by Malaysian but they do not know much in it. By the reason of around 54% of the people prefer practicality rather than appearance. T hat imply form follows function is workable but it is a pity to say that sometimes forms were controlled by cost, natural selection, and culture.Closer look at the notion of function and the dogma form follows function, expressed why this impression proved to be so important. By the reason of the functionalist notion of function serves as guide to design the form. It guides the designer to narrow down the options and provide a starting point. The form now has a purpose or duty, if you will, of projecting the function that lies within. Just as a project has a problem to be solved rather than just making it look pretty is the great challenge. Function needs form in order to get a balance, it work as hand in hand. So, if an object has to present a perfect function, its design must be support that function. And continue to repeat again and again Form follows function. Form follows function.

Explain why there is a need for world development Essay -- Economics

Explain why there is a need for world studyI believe that world development is needed for the following reasons In the world today, richer countries are the rulers and poorcountries their slaves, for they do not choose to be obligated(predicate) to therich countries and they have repaid this debt back, however it is onlyin interest. The rich countries cannot seem to let go of the moneygiven to them by the poorer countries, its these repayments thatcripple the poorer countries economies and make authorized that they cannever be anything more than poor. In Timothy 6v10 it says For thelove of money is the root of all evil and that many an(prenominal) people havebroken their hearts with many sorrows, what the bible is teachinghere is that money can corrupt people, and sometimes people who havemoney care most it more than they care about other people. This iswhat I think has happened to the rich countries, they are so blindedby their own greed that they do not recognise others needs until itbecomes so obvious they cannot ignore it any longer, like the faminein Ethiopia....

Changing The American Language :: essays research papers

My brother and i are alike in that we both often pretend very strange dreams. A couple of months back, he dreamed that he was driving in Mexico with his best friend Jacob, when he got pulled over by the Mexican police. When asked if he was drunk, he replied with, "Of course not, sir. I dislike drunk drivers. I disapprove of drunk drivers. I discringe drunk drivers." Hearing this, the police simply permit him go. As he was driving away, however, Jacob turned to him and said, "Dude...discringe?" After reciting this story to me the next morning, he asked, "Amber...is discringe a word?" When i told him that it wasnt, he decided that from then on it would be, and ever since has been using it as part of his everyday vocabulary. After hearing him use this made-up word as if it were real for awhile, I realized that he was right. Discringe, although not a real part of the English vocabulary, ought to be a real word, as should many another(prenominal) other enuncia teions used in everyday vernacular. on that point simply arent enough words to express the many varying and complex emotions we have. Because of the fact that it would add to the creativity of our language, help students differentiate between proper and unfit grammar styles, and let us express ourselves in ways that before were very difficult to achieve, the English language ought to be revised to accommodate the changing demand of our society.From "spanglish" to ebonics, the English language is constantly being manipulated into all sorts of different forms to best suit its purpose. This is part of what makes the American culture so unique. Our language comes from three underlying sources what was brought over from the mother country, England, during settlement a mix of different languages and cultures all brought together into what is called the "melting pot" of American society and lastly, experiences and social reforms brought about by the ever-changing needs of a growing country. The third reason, however, has largely been neglected by professors and bureaucrats alike as a viable source of new vocabulary. Although many terms that are commonly used in everyday speech are perfectly functional as well as able to express their intended purpose, they simply are not acknowledged as part of what is considered to be "proper" grammar. For instance, the term "How are you doing?" has evolved into "How are you," then to "Whats up," and finally the word commonly being used on the streets today, " Sup?

Essay --

Robyn HodeOld English folklore dates back to the beginning of American literature. A protagonist among many, redbreast Hood (Robyn Hode in Old English manuscript) is introduced into many books and playwrights. Some may argue that Robin Hoods strategies for balancing society were unethical, but thistheory could be strongly argued against, and furthermore disproven. Robin Hood could be considered ahero because of his excessive generosity, his ability to see every person as an equal individual, and his overall success to better society. To accurately view Robin Hoods motives, unmatched must look past the rules and laws set aside for the lower class made by higher officials, and understand that, level off more so in a less developed time period, that right and wrong does not depend on what the rich and powerful vocalize is right and wrong. Robin Hood looked past all of this, identified the true, moral decisions that needed to be made, and took charge. By d oing so, and taking a small portion of the richs riches and distributing it among the poor, is considered (arguably) one of the most notable heroes of the folkloreliterary era.In all of the tales written of the infamous Robin Hood, the characteristics illuminated most is hisexcessive generosity. Despite being stated an outlaw, Robin Hood is a good and generous person atheart, and is beloved by the townspeople for his deeds. (Jurns) While thieving and causing (occasional) mishap, Robyn Hode kept one motive in mind, and that was to take from the undeserving,(fat and rich), and give to the needy, (the poor). This obviously biased by assuming that all the rich argon greedy and all the poor are hopeless and deserving. In fact, in most cases people work hard fo... ...orth a sort of balance in society, one in which that needed to be presented. Because all the unfortunate people were too afraid to demand this equality in society, Robin Hoods bravery to go in and fight for what he stood fo r was look up to among the people.This is how he was presented the hero title, and why ballads and playwrights are told about him to this day.Robin Hoods strategy to better the society became a success. By stealing from the rich, to give to the poor, he not only set an example for people to follow his role as a hero, but it also created a balance within the social classes. alone today, taxes are distributed among the the country that are arguably fair. In Robins time, the wealthy placed harsh and unfair taxes among the people, many of them who could not afford to requital them. Failure to pay these taxes resulted in imprisonment, or even worse, death.

All The Kings Men :: essays papers

All The Kings Men All The Kings Men by Robert Penn warren is a novel of how jak Burden finds himself. It was a long, political road for Jack and it was the letters of an old relative that gave him a new perspective of the world. It bemused him at first, but in the passage I chose you can see what Jacks burden really is.Cass Mastern was an old relative of Jacks. Jack was doing his history dissertation on his life. During his life he spent eon with a couple he was friends with. He slept with his friends wife and when he got word of this he killed himself. Cass Mastern felt terrible for what he had caused and enlisted in the confederate army. He made sure he stayed a private, and would not fight for he had killed his friend and essential take punishment for his actions. He later was wounded and died from that wound. Jack was shocked at Casss life. This shock was because Cass Mastern lived for a few years and in that time he learned the world is all one piece. He learned that the world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter and the drowsy no more but springs out to fling the gossamer coils about you who have touched the web and accordingly inject the black numbing poison under your hide. It does not matter whether or not you meant to brush the web of things. Your happy foot or your courageous wing may have brushed it ever so lightly, but what happens always happens and there is the spider, bearded black and with his great faceted eyes gleam like mirrors in the sun, or like Gods eye, and the fangs dripping.Jack couldnt accept the truth that your actions effect everyone and everything around you not just yourself. hitherto when these actions are meant for good, but they may have a bad effect on someone else and things can come back to haunt you. Jack had a very pessimistic view of the world. He would not accept any responsibility for his actions. He left school with out a care, left his wife without a care, and was often very rude when he was back home.