Results of Asthma Related Problems Due to Air Pollution Essay

Results of Asthma Related Problems Due to Air Pollution - probe ExampleThese allergens are broadly speaking contained in the atmospheric assembly line. The affection has no cure meaning that it quarter only be reduced by preventing the symptoms and reducing bronchial asthma attacks (Tabaku et al. 10). Therefore, studying and understanding how oxygenise causes asthma is essential because it will help in finding solutions to the unwellness. Issues of Concern One of the issues that cause concern for the disease is the fact that it is prevalent in a high population in the social club. Twenty million heap have been treated with asthma at least once in their life time, in the States darn in China 4% of the population suffers from the disease. The Center for Disease Control argues that asthma mostly affects children, for example, in America, 14million out of the twenty million people that suffer from the disease are children. 64% of the children vivification in urban cities such a s Beijing in China in addition suffer from the illness (Krushnan, Kauffman and Hoek 30). Thus, it means that children are the more susceptible to asthma than adults. The effects of the disease in children include barricade of their learning in school, avoidance of physical exercise, which is essential for growth, and destruction of their cardiovascular system. Adults on the other make pass suffer financial losses and absenteeism from their jobs (Cassee, Mills, and Newby 68). This indicates that asthma may cause further destruction in the society such as increasing the number of school drop outs and high employee turnover, if the causes of the illness are non dealt with in time. Factors of the Problem The air pollutants that cause asthma may either be indoor or outdoor. Indoor pollutants are those that are present in the air that people breathe in while inside buildings while outdoor are those that are in the exterior of buildings. The Environmental Protection mental representat ion argues that the highest population in the world spends more than twelve hours of a day while indoors. The agency as well postulates that indoor causes of air pollution are more destructive than outdoor pollutants (Haerens 78). This explains the reason for the high preponderance of asthma in major regions of the world such as China and the United States. The indoor air pollutants include bacteria, fungi, tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide, and allergens from dust, cats, and mites. The outdoor causes of air pollution that cause asthma include lead, degree centigrade monoxide, ozone, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide (Haerens 87). Sulfur dioxide originates from the burning of coal and crude oil such as diesel that is utilise to drive motor vehicles. Nitrogen dioxide, on the other hand, is produced from factories, and it settles on the lower layer of the ozone forming smog that also causes asthma. Nitrogen and sulfur dioxide combine with air in the atmosphere and form tiny particles that cause ventilation difficulties in victims (Sudd 77). Some products that consumers use in their indoors activities, and cause asthma include cleaning products and air fresheners (Krishner, Kaufman, and Hoek 74). These products have effects similar to those of the atmospheric indoor and outdoor pollutants. Impact on the Health of human beings The health impacts of indoor and outdoor pollutants may be determined according to the causes of pollution. The airborne particles that are produced from the burning of fuels from exhaust fumes and tobacco

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Research Paper ExampleHowever, the application of alternative dispute resolution methods significantly reduces personify incurred in solving such disputes among many other benefits that be accrued by parties who resort on applying these techniques. This research paper will explore the alternative dispute resolution in contracting, highlights their advantages and/or disadvantages, pep up steps to prepare for separately type of action, and discuss how leg eithery binding the decided outcome of each ADR may be for the parties involved.Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in contracting refers to the alternative methods of serve welling the parties judge legal problems before going to court (Nolan-Haley, 2013). According to American Arbitration Association and Fordham University (2006), ADR refers to the numerous methods that are used to solve disputes without involving the conventional court system. They are associated with numerous benefits such as being little expensive and tim ely than formal trials as well as providing the needed privacy for discreet matters. Moreover, ADR processes help in maintaining relations with strategic business partners, and provide more flexible and creative resolutions to disputes. Almost all ADR processes involve autonomous third person referred to as a neutral, who attempts to constrict the areas of conflict or solve them (Sourdin, 2011). There are four main types of ADR namely negotiation, mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration (Nolan-Haley, 2013).Negotiation is peerless of the less formal and most simple types of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). It involves starting a chat between the conflicting parties with the primary motive being to attain understanding, gain advantage in results of dialogue, or resolve points of difference (Sourdin, 2011). During a negotiation, disputants meet informally whether in the presence of a council or not, in an attempt to resolve their differences. In some cases, courts give the disputants an

Assignment about management & strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment about management & strategy - Essay ExampleTQM has been adopted by galore(postnominal) organisations worldwide and has been defined in multiple ways that suited their chorees. A generalized definition is that of Evans and Dean, which states, TQM is a comprehensive, organisation-wide effort to improve the quality of products and services (as qtd in Cooney & Sohal, 34, ch.3). The British Railways Board (1989) defined TQM as the mould which seeks to meet and satisfy customer requirements throughout the whole chain of internal and external customers and suppliers (Pike and Barnes, 25). The International composition for Standardization (ISO) defines TQM as a management approach for an organisation, centered on quality, cup of tead on engagement of exclusively its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organisation and to society (Gupta, 113). exit of TQM may be traced back to period before the World War II and with American allure on quality assurance principles. Although first put forth by Edwards Deming, who was known as the catch of the quality movement, TQM principles did not receive much attention at the time. These principles are said to have gained not bad(p) significance after they were adopted in Japanese management theories, which modified the principles to suit their industries. TQM concepts have beef up the Japanese management and businesses greatly and have helped the Japanese products enter the world markets. The United States recognized Japanese progress during 1980s and 1990s, and realized the significance of TQM concepts. Since then, the US industries have embraced TQM and re-emerged as global competitors (Daft & Marcic, 33). Demings part to the elaboration and development of TQM has been profound after advancing Stewharts statistical studies through the PDCA cycle (plan, do, check, act), which provided the place for continuous improvement. These statistical methods developed by Stewhart and Deming came to be known as the Statistical Process bid (SPC). The SPC in combination with Elton Mayos human relations movement eventually became the theoretical base for TQM (Sallis, 7). From these studies it is clear that TQM is a quality concept that must be applied to every aspect of the business and should be measured and controlled statistically. This means it would also require involvement from all members associated with the business. In short, TQM needs to be applied to the organisational systems, structure, and culture it would require commitment from management and staff at all levels it should involve all stakeholders including the external suppliers and vendors. With this concept coming in, quality is seen as a strategic issue and can frivol a major role in saving huge costs for the company. It involves everyone associated with the organisation. It focuses on continuous improvements, maintaining zero in defects, build quality and enha nce customer satisfaction. All these achievements become benchmarks for others and help the organisation in sustaining their emulous position in the market and with their customers. TQM has been applied by many organisations with different names, like Leadership by Quality (Xerox) Quality the ICL Way (ICL) Quality Service Programme (Nat West) agree Quality Culture (Texas Instruments) Total

European Central Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Central Bank - Essay ExampleInflation is a rise in the bell of goods and services deep down an prudence which results in a decline in the purchasing power of every subsequent unit of currency and this causes a loss in the in truth value of exchange within an economy. The main measure of inflation is the Consumer Price Index which provides an indication of the monetary value level of consumer goods and services which are purchased by households, business firms, the g overnment as well as the bear of the world (in case of an open economy). The CPI in the United States is defined by the Bureau of dig up Statistics as a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services. As per the current happenings within the German economy, the prices of goods and services course saw a hike due to the spend season this period mostly witnesses an adjoin in demand of goods and services which is met by an almos t equivalent amount of supply. In social club to understand the price indices of an economy, the CPI trick be understood because it helps to measure the level of increase in the prices of goods and services within the German economy, which is now being maintained at a 2.3% increase. However, this is better than the 3% that it had risen to. to the highest degree governments, especially in the European zone, had been able to recover well from the financial crisis that took place world over in 2008-2009 but the repercussions of that are lingering on as inflation in the same economies.... German consumer prices nonetheless, harmonised to compare with other European Union countries, showed a rise of 2.4 percent on the family in December, down from 2.8 percent in the previous month. The German economy took to cutting down touch on rates, a primary step undertaken by whatever economy in the world in order to slow down the persisting amount of inflation. The resulting inflation indica tes the rise in general prices for typical German consumers, and consumers investing within the economy of Germany. This entire process works according to the demand pull speculation according to which interest rates within the economy need to be cut down in order to counter inflation. If the government is able to increase the rates of interest being charged on commodities being sold within the economy, then it will have a way of getting anchor financial resources. Low interest rates within the German economy have put more than borrowing power in the hands of the consumers. Interest rates refer to the rates at which a borrower is able to borrow money in order to have greater purchasing ability. Since loans and smaller debts can be taken from the European Central Bank at lower rates, consumers have been able to increase their purchasing powers and have been thus causing the economy to slow down considerably. Due to increased expending by the consumers, the economy has witnessed a growth and expansion which has almost led in the demand outpacing the supply. The holiday season witnesses a peak in consumer shopping and indulging in goods and services more than any other period because of increased and extremely affordable tours and travels. If the demand rises faster than the supply within the economy

Distribution & Pricing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distribution & Pricing - Coursework ExampleIn order to decide on the set st consecrategy of the restaurant, let us first decide on the type of the restaurant we will be operating with. In this scenario, let us consider that I am handling a sporting pabulum restaurant. In this case, the target market will not be very specific and we give notice target each and every income group. So we will be going ahead with a generic wine determine strategy for this restaurant.Restaurants are doing great in the event that they have a 5 portion profit edge, as indicated by Forbes magazine. Since restaurants have a little profit edge, they have to execute successful sustenance pricing procedures to stay ready to go. Inquiring about variances in nourishment costs, the costs of contending restaurants and invitee interest will help to set menu costs and manage what kind of profit could be normal (Von Matterhorn, n.d.).Restaurants ought to utilize cost-in addition to pricing to surety a profit. Cost-in addition to pricing incorporates all the crash expenses that happen when running a restaurant, including rent, compensation for holding up staff and cooks, and gas and antecedent to power the kitchen and lounge area. Next the profit edge needs to be considered. The manager needs to procure a profit to make the business advantageous to keep open. This profit incorporates compensation for the holder, and in addition the skill to lead repairs on the restaurant and stretch the restaurant, if fundamental. Add the fancied profit rate to the strike expenses rate. This rate ought to be included onto the expense of any sustenance thing, prompting costs that pay for nourishment and overhead expenses, and bring about a profit.When selling online, the pricing of the product plays a major role. The price of the food product will be distinguishable based on the production cost of the item. As discussed earlier, it was decided that restaurants do well if they manage to keep a 5% profi t margin. However in this scenario, the pricing has

How William Wordsworth's poem She dwelt among the untrodden ways Essay

How William Wordsworths poem She dwelt among the untrodden ship canal demonstrates how love elevates a persons importance and beau - Essay ExampleThe poem is composed of three stanzas with rhyming haggling although the rhymes were non consistent like in the second stanza where tone and one are not rhyming words as opposed to eye and sky. Such habit of rhymes has set a tone that captures the readers thoughts to the picture the poet painted in his poem as he wove his words to express his thoughts and feelings towards his subject. Reading the poem aloud also emphasizes the effect of the rhymes in the poem, guiding the reader when to use peaks and valleys when reading orally. Though the poem is a short one, it has basically used a lot of the elements of verse line in addition to the one aforementioned. Symbolism is another strong element used in the poem that added to the beauty and depth of the meaning of the poets words. An example of which would be the use of the word springs in t he prototypic stanza which connotes sapience and life-nurturing elements. The woman who is the subject in the poem might have been an characterless person who lived an ordinary life but to those who have lived with her, saw her as a spring or source of wisdom and nurturing that her physical features were surpassed by those which were beautiful from within her. Metaphorically, the woman was compared to a violet that is hidden from the worlds view.

Goodfellas Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodfellas - Movie Review ExampleIn this essay I will be look at how Goodfellas conforms to the Hollywood tradition of using the fill noir style in conveying a mobster story, as well as how it differs from the tradition.The story begins by showing a Brooklyn kids desire to be a gangster as a respected means to the American Dream a life superior no different from wanting to be a fireman. Of course the boys p arents did not agree and he was starting fires, not putting them out. This was the movies send-off difference from the film noir approach. This is more light-hearted than usually portrayed by film makers of umbrage dramas. The story goes on to tell of how the boy forewent normal school to learn the dos and donts of the mob. Although discourtesy was definitely shown in Goodfellas, it was presented as beingrewarding and mutually beneficial to all involved. It was presented as an opportunity open to any atomic number 53 smart enough to get involved. That included crossing gua rds, truck drivers and cops. The narrator referred to it as glories times. Presenting crime with crossing moms from the elementary school, not just rough looking bad guys, reinforced the lighter forgather to a crime drama. There was strong bringdy included in the opening and continued throughout the film. When violence was depicted there was a break in the action, often a pause, not to exsert the violence but to somewhat soften the impact or shock value.As most movies do, the medical specialty played a memorable role in presenting the scene. The music gave an upbeat to the movie. The songs if heard on the radio set will bring the movie to mind. Often in traditional film noir the music catered drama and unbelief to the movie. In the tradition of film noir the Goodfellas appealed the publics fascination with criminals and their life style. Goodfellas, is the story of Henry Hill, his family, and associates. Because facts in the story are verifiable, the fascination to the movie was stronger. The main character, Henry Hill was portrayed as a goodfella who simply sell a little drugs, cheated a little on his wife, lied a little to those who trusted him, steal as much as he could, but never really hurt anyone. So he really was not a bad guy. This allowed the audience to give him favor and want to see him come out unscathed. These things were excepted behavior. For most of guys in the movie, violent death got to be accepted. Henry never spoke of or was shown killing anyone, which again is not normal film noir style. Another avenue most gangster movies explore is one of cultures. Whether it is an Italian, Irish, Puerto Rican, Mexican, Jamaican, or African gang, cultural differences and traditions are always addressed. Culture was included as part of the traditional film noir style. In this film it was Italian and Irish cultures. It was mentioned throughout the movie to explain a deeper heart and soul of different scenes. Centered in most gangster movies that f ollow the film noir style are conflicts involving egotism interest, morality, legality and the very thin line drawn between them. Goodfellas was not an exception to this rule. This was the theme of the movie. From beginning to the end the narrator spoke of what was acceptable in protecting ones own interest and the interest of the mob. His first pinched was celebrated because he did not rat on his friends. Paulie understood what was done while in prison to

What and How Human Resources Strategies Can Be Implemented Essay

What and How Human Resources Strategies set up Be Implemented - Essay ExampleWal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the world and implements effective charitable alternative practices and strategies to maintain the diverse work culture in the telephoner. The confederation maintains a detailed database for its human resources and keeps centre of attention to the intricate details of proper recruitment, training and development, compensation and performance management for the employees. The effective management and human resource practices are identified as the key factors for driving the success of Wal-Mart through decades of its operations crossways the globe. Strategic human resource management plays a critical role in delivering the performance of Wal-Mart. Therefore, the political party pays major attention to the human resource practices followed in the organization. 1. Recruitment Wal-Mart over the years of operations has taken various recruitment and staffing poli cies in order to maximize their outputs with the minimum costs incurred. In 2013 June the company had been hiring unless the temporary staffs for their U.S. stores. Though the temporary recruitment is one of the popular policies of the retail organizations during the holiday seasons when they would require additional employee strength. However, the company had adopted this insurance at a time when on that point is no such force per unit area of the holiday season in the US market. According to the managers of the organization that policy was taken to ensure that there is no dearth of employee in Wal-Mart in running their day to day activities. They also claimed that it was not something that the company had taken in order to cut the cost of hiring the employees (Morrison, 2006, pp. 75-91). This is because the cost of hiring a permanent employee is much more than than what it takes to hire a temporary worker. But this was denied by the managers of the organization. The Human res ources managers has taken this strategy on the country that the temporary workers would be adequately able to meet up the needs of Wal-Mart on the nights of the weekdays and on the weekends when the itemise of footfalls in the stores in the greatest. Thus there would no need for hiring the additional permanent staff that would other than be required (Needle, 2010, pp. 112-137). This would however lead to a s needening of the employment in the country of US since the employment in the company is huge and would comprise of the large section of the employed population of the company. This policy may not be considered as a feasible policy considering the long run scenario (Marching gross ton and Wilkinson, 2012, pp. 45-59). This is because the temporary employees are generally not loyal to the company and therefore if they get better furnish they would switch to the other companies from Wal-Mart. There would also be lack of motivation among the employees to do the job because of the lack of loyalty among the employees and the lesser remuneration that they would derive out of the organization. This is also unethical on part of the company to recruit the temporary workers in order to dodge the healthcare costs (Kew and Stredwick, 2008, pp. 241-297). This is because the new healthcare laws of the unify States demand that the organizations that hire the workers on a permanent basis have to provide them with healthcare benefits. In order to retain the loyalty of the employees and to keep them motivated to the work the company has to provide them with these healthcare benefits as well. They should also be provided with the insurances in order to take care of the ethical aspects of the business. 2. Training and Development In

The raise of Militarization of American Police Essay

The raise of Militarization of American Police - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, community, policing is most relate with addressing the issues that the community is most concerned about and other concerns that the members of the community may have. Ties are established by assigning officers to certain regions for drawn-out periods so as to get to know the volume and to have a better understanding of the geographical location. Call-in programs and town meetings are some of the ways in which rapport is created. This paper looks at the posture of community policing and the reasons as to why it is being adopted by legion(predicate) police departments.Community policing has everyplace the years been evolving and is being changed to become more adaptable with the different setting in which it is to be applied. Its derivation is traced to the civil rights movements of the 1960s. It was meant to address the challenges and social upheavals that were made manifest during this time. Rio ts and racial injustices caused many another(prenominal) tensions and led many to attitude the police service as a symbol of political authority causing wide normal criticism. As a result, the president of the Unite States at the time set up a relegation in 1967. The committee findings were that the police service ought to be made more sensitive and responsive a rapidly changing society (Kappeler & Gaine, 2012). Over the years, a few factors have led to its evolving in into the many forms of community policing that exist today.. The concern of most of the people was the unfair treatment of the minorities, especially black people by the police. The treatment led to the restructuring of the police service into geographical regions and aspects such as foot patrol and line officers being introduced.In the 1970s, academic interest in this discipline increased as the many researchers began examining the role and the effectiveness of the traditional strategies that the police service

A Brief Profile Analysis of an Immigrant by the Name Chulryong Seo Essay

A Brief profile Analysis of an Immigrant by the Name Chulryong Seo - Essay ExampleThe interviewee states that there are a lot of tribulations approach join Korea such as famine, lack of license and lack of communication. It is sad that he lost twain of his parents through starvation. His escapes from North Korea allowed him to learn about several things in America such as freedom of communication, religion, dressing and movement. He wants to learn the experiences in America so as to go and change the perceptions of aliveness in North Korea.The 25years old boy who has lived in the United States for four years is well familiar(predicate) with the English language hence giving him an opportunity to interact with the Americans effectively. Ironically, he stays with a Korean family in New York despite him saying that Koreans are not good people as compared to the Americans. He first met the family he is putting up with while in China. Despite being a temper person he is open-minde d to every person thus can interact effectively.Chulryong cites that the government of North Korea practices dictatorship which does not give its people privileges to enjoy hence causing sufferings, challenges and underestimation. The government controls both cultural and social activities in the country. The dictatorial tendencies do not go down well with Chulryong who feels that something must be done to end the vice. He is surprised that Americans do not appreciate the privilege of freedom that is bestowed upon them. The esteem of freedom is the best gift one must always appreciate because it is rare according to Chulryong. Whereas he appreciates freedom in the United States, Chulryong asserts that too much freedom is very dangerous. He cautions Americans not to post money to friends in North Korea. Too much freedom is very dangerous to a res publica and can cause harm if not tamed. (Sen Pg 23)Chulryong states that freedom of religion is not guaranteed in North Korea. As a Ch ristian, hebelieves that church is an essential tool in life for progress.

Alignment of IT Strategy CP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alignment of IT Strategy CP - Essay ExampleThis paper will tushdidly and comprehensively modernize why an IT strategy focused on maintaining a cutting edge technology position is the most effectual way to support any kind of overall business strategy.Firstly, from a vaguest and broadest perspective, knife edge technology can be described as technological techniques and/or devices that are at the frontier of knowledge, but mystify been used for a relatively long time jettisoning the unreliability threats to users. Apparently, with cutting-edge technology, a business waistcloth informed on the feasibility of their objects and the possibility of its strategy succeeding. Hence, an IT strategy focused on maintain cutting-edge technology enables the business to triumph by guaranteeing that decisions will be made based on modish available information (Keyes, 2005). Any incongruity of information or rather information asymmetry that would thrust torpedoed the businesss plan can be th warted through implementation of IT strategies pinpointed on cutting-edge technology.Additionally, in the past, organizations were unable to bridge the fissure between business and IT professionals due to the perceived dissimilarities in culture, objectives, unwashed ignorance and incentives. Consequently, the IT systems proved to be expensive and unable to deliver sufficient returns on investment. However, an IT strategy centered on cutting-edge technology position helps the present organizations to maximize value on investments by openly shaping who is responsible for the attainment of certain goals and objectives and unequivocally specifies the indispensable resources (Keyes, 2005). Moreover, the misunderstanding often associated with incorporation of technology into the heed of a business is eliminated and replaced with a mutual understanding of how the businesss strategies or objectives will be attained. For

Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business - Assignment ExampleThis report stresses that recent country-by-country study analysis of globalization reveals some surprises and interesting bits. The study shows that there are high possibilities of continued integration of economies world over as well as more than five percent increase in gross domestic products. In addition, there is enormous room for world connectedness to expand which will be of various benefits in the international business. This paper makes a conclusion that mutual respect, healthy interdependency, cross cultural communication and impelling leadership are some of the most appropriate ways through which a successful spheric project management can become a reality. Without the implementation of the above factors such that that leadership lacks authority, force out and control over employees, then the projects destination is failure. Using cross-cultural teams effectively in projects provides a massive source of experience as well as innovative thi nking that elicit innovation and competitiveness of their organizations. Managements should also make proper efforts to eliminate communication barriers that may hinder receptiveness and transparency in the organization. Discriminatory cultures and principles should also not find a leeway into any organization. It is and then important that managers should also give room for innovation, creativity and motivation by offering flexible leadership.

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

avocation Economics - Essay ExampleIn fact the choice line of work of the monopoliser is to choose the per- unit of measurement wrong and quantity of output to maximise gathers.This is achieved by producing that level of output (Qm) for which the MC = MR (with the MR being intersected by the MC from below as a second order condition). The scathe charged will be Pm as it depose be seen from the demand hack that it is what the consumers shall be willing to pay for each unit if Qm is the available output in the market. Here the profit level shall be supernormal (represented as the shaded theater in the diagram) i.e, over and above the normal profits. The absence of close relievos allows the monopolist to charge a price high enough that ensures supernormal profits. However one should note that the monopolist can actually be bearing losses as well in the short run. This occurs simply if the AC corresponding to the profit maximising output lies above the corresponding price. In t his case however the short run problem for the monopolist becomes one of minimising the loss.However, a firm will go on operating in a monopoly market through the long run if only he earns positive profits. Such profits can be sustained in the long run since in spite of the supernormal profits that may act as incentives to new firms, the barriers to entry are assumed to be strong enough to go on new entry in a monopoly market structure.In the long run, the equilibrium condition is LMC = MR with the MR curve being intersected from below by the LMC curve. However the monopolist is limited in hiking the pricing over a certain extent as the negative income effect it generates may cause consumers to move on to substitute goods and thus causing a loss in revenue. However as long as the monopolist produces the profit maximising output and charges the corresponding optimal price, he/she shall be earning supernormal profits in the long run as well.Oligopoly is a type of

Exchange Rates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exchange Rates - Coursework ExampleIn addition to that, it enhanced the income tax range, price of capital, sales growth rate which in return maximized profits. minimization of transaction costs leverages exchange rates with a target of maximizing profits (Ostrow, 2011). Transaction cost helps in determination of goods and services for leveraging economic exchange rates through the implementation of the negligible prices in the market. Transaction cost consists of the bargaining cost that is regarded as an acceptable agreement for increasing profits. unconnected from having economic performance and political stability for seeking out the exchange rate, transaction cost excessively enhanced investment funds for increasing profits in the U.S.The monetary policy of the U.S. characterizes the economic purlieu and is aimed at improving the exchange rates between the U.S. and new(prenominal) countries (Mark, 2002). Banks in the U.S and other nations buy the house servant currency so as to make the exchange rates stable. This therefore means that the supply of cash is controlled by the economic environment and targets a rate of interest for enhancing economic growth between the U.S and other nations. Mark (2002) claims that the exchange rate is negatively affected by this economic environment. The value of exchange rates between the U.S and other nations was reduced due to irregular flow of currencies and fluctuations in the exchange

The American Frontier and the Western Hero Essay

The American Frontier and the Western Hero - look for ExampleHe is a real hero who possesses the features of an ideal man, and personifies high moral values and somatogenic strength. Wister depicts the Virginian as a person who is able to distinguish what is good and what is bad, and who follows his personal beliefs. He is described as The dealer had styled the Virginian a black-headed guy. This did well enough as an unflattered portrait (Wister, 34). The Virginian tries to make a better knowledge base paying a special attention to universal order and peace during the Johnson County War in Wyoming. The chief(prenominal) character of Susan Warners novel is Christian Character, Ellen Montgomery. Female characters in the novel are depicted by means of minor themes such as the themes of motherhood and religion. Christianity and church was a strong force which dictated fond norms and social order. At the beginning, Ellen is depicted as a devoted parishioner who follows all values an d commandments.he important similarity between the male and female characters is their desire to fight for freedom and justice which limits their behavior. The Virginian is a loss leader who possesses self-belief and tolerance, which helps him to create the reality he is a high moral person who fights for justice, harmony and orderliness of the universe.

Users of financial information and their informational needs Essay Example for Free

Users of pecuniary discipline and their informational inevitably EssayUsers of accounting information ar either internal or external to the organization. These users deprivation information to help them make informed or reliable decisions or judgements with regards to the organization. Different conventions have different demands for the financial information contained in a set of accounts. Information needs of internal usersThese includeManagement This stratum is do up of the senior employees who run the organization on a day- to- day basis. They argon interest in information much(prenominal) as, Finance of the organization (working capital)The growth prospects (value of shares and dividends)Employees This is the group of workers in the organization made up of existing potential and past employees. The members of this group are concerned with job security and hereafter prospects. Therefore, they need information to assess the companys profitability, liquidity and gr owth prospects. Employees need information more or less The financial state of the organization ( for their salaries) The growth and stability of the organization ( new investments ) to ensure continuity of employment. Profitability.Others are informational needs of external users includingCustomers Those who buy from the organization either for cash or on credit are interested in The profitabilityThe growth and stability ( new product lines)Customers will also need information or price so they can assess whether the company is overcharging them or not.General worldly concern This group includes the taxpayers, the consumer, social groups such as environmental societies and pressure groups such as the mediaorganizations. Each soulfulness group informational needs depend on its own particular interests. They require information on one-year Reports (including financial statements) social costs to ascertain the effects and influence of operations on the society and the environment.G overnments This group includes all government or government linked governance such as tax authorities ( internal revenue service ) local authorities and the department of Trade and Industries. The investment regulatory torso are also included in this group. This group requires information to assess whether companies have complied with the relevant mandate and also to generate statistical measures to help them to assess and form macroeconomic policies. They require information such asFinancial statements Payroll summaries Income tax deductions and social security contributions.

How To Stop Violence In Schools Essay Example for Free

How To Stop Violence In Schools EssayWe all know there is ferocity in civilises. Like in the past a couple of years there has been m either shootings in school and I wonder how we could stop that. We could turn over a police officer on campus at all times. We could also have a sort out of students be a crime watch team. But the most all-important(prenominal) is to have kids be in a non-violent environs at home.If schools would have a police officer there, it would stop most violence because he knows all of the laws. When anything suspicious happened, he could investigate the situation. If he found resulting in violence, he could ca-ca the person punishment, so the situation doesnt result in violence.Schools with crime watch teams would probably have a lower violence rate because there would be more people trying to stop violence. The school could have near of the students that get good grades and have them look for violence in schools.The most important way to avoid viol ence in schools isnt even something at school. The students need to have a non-violent environment at home. They need parents that show positive attitudes because everyone learns from their environment and if its good there more likely to do good things. If its bad theyll probably do bad and violent things.Well now you know some ways violence could be stopped in schools. So spread the information because we dont want any innocent students getting hurt or even dying.

The Thin Line Between Love and Hate Essay Example for Free

The Thin aviation Between Love and Hate EssayThe actions of the believer while see the Houses of Allah must vary from his form actions outside of the musjid. This is due to his awareness of the sacredness of this house. He keeps in mind at all times, that he is tour a place that has been established for the worship of Allah, and therefore, that which takes place in it should be mainly focused on actions which draw angiotensin-converting enzyme nearer to Allah.Subsequently, the following actions are forbidden1. Speaking loudly or somewhat matters of no real importance Al Saeeb hive away Yazeed mentioned I was standing in the masjid one day when I felt someone pocking me. When I turned around I saw that it was Umar bin al Khattab. He instructed me to look at him ii men who were in the masjid raising their voices. When I brought him the two men Umar asked them Where are you from? They replied We are from Taif. Umar said If you were from this city, I would have beaten you You w ere raising your voices in the masjid of the Prophet? (Sahih Bukhari)Saeed bin al Musayib mentionedWhen a person sits in a masjid, indeed he is session for the worship of his Lord, and therefore he should only speak with that which is good. (Tafsir al Qurtubi)It is also befitting to remind those whom bring children to the Houses of Allah that they are responsible for monitoring their children and making sure their behaviour is not a disturbance to faller worshippers. The Prophet of Allah (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said All of you are guardians, and everyone will be questioned concerning those under his care.(Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim) Although this hadith is general, without a doubt, it applies to those whom accompany their children along with them to the Houses of Allah. The guardian should teach those in his care the correct manners of visiting the house of worship. He should not allow his child to run around and disturb others who are pursuance ne arness to Allah. If the child is too young and cannot be taught these manners, it is preferable to leave the child at inhabitancy rather than cause disturbance to others within the masjid.2. Reciting Quran loudly to the extent that it disturbs other worshippers Abu Saeed al Khudri describe that the Messenger of Allah (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) heard some people reciting the Quran loudly in the masjid, whereupon he said to themAll of you intend to call on his Lord, therefore you should not harm one another, nor should you testify your voices in recitation. (Sunan Abi Dawud) In the above narration we have a clear prohibition from the Prophet with regards to distressing others in the masjid, so what is the case with those who disturb others with vain talk, music on their cell phones, laughing and joking, etc? No Muslim would doubt that recitation of the Quran is one of the most beloved actions to Allah, and even with its great placement in Islam, the Prophe t (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has forbidden that a person recites to the extent that he disturbs his sonny worshippers. This informs that those who disturb others with matters less in status than the Quran have indeed committed a big(p) wrong. 3. Crossing the path of someone prayingThe Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) saidIf the person walking in front of someone praying knew the extent of his fault, it would be better for him to wait forty before crossing in front of someone praying. (Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim) In conclusionThese were just a few etiquettes which we felt the need to remind ourselves and our brothers and sisters as it relates to attending the Houses of Allah.Allah knows best. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon His final Prophet and Messenger, and upon his family members and companions.

Oedipus Trilogy Essay Example for Free

Oedipus Trilogy EssayIt was Sophocles who wrote the Oedipus Trilogy. Although Oedipus Rex has always been a common oral narration to the Greeks, Sophocles added different dimensions in his r desti populationition of the tragic story of Oedipus. Antigone was the epilogue of the trilogy and the belong part of the story except it was the first persist to be produced. Oedipus the King was the beginning of the trilogy, where the fate of Oedipus was prophesied, and the rise and fall of Oedipus was chronic lead. And Oedipus at Colonus is the midsection of the trilogy where Oedipus dies and his sons murder each other thus continuing the howevertuality of the prophecy.In Antigone, the final pieces of the tragedy unraveled, thus completing the prophecy of the oracle to Oedipus. In Antigone, the play focuses more on the battle between debate essential views and concerns. Actually, it was more on opposing self-exaltation. Antigone was determined to give his brother an honorable e ntombment scorn the fact that the current king blatantly forbids it. She maintains that jazz is above constabulary and hegemony. Creon, on the other hand, although Polynices is his nephew, forbids the burial on the grounds that it is the law to refuse honorable funerals to traitors.Although the central characters stick opposing views, their attributes be actually much similar to each other. Both are blinded by their own self-respect in their decisions. Antigone, when confronted by Creon, refuses to suffer down despite the fact that Creon threatened her that her sister will be penalized unneurotic with her. Antigone, sees her serve as a form of martydom. In a way she sees glory in what she had make by sacrificing herself for the sake of his brother, which somewhat preposterous because of the fact that his brother is already dead.Creon, likewise, refuses to change his decision despite his sons threat of suicide if he condemns Antigone. Although he perceives that his sons words were not empty threats, he still refused to change his decision. This is because he distinguishes his fulfill as strength of leadership. He mistakes pride for decisive command. Antigone represents moral ascendancy over political law. Creon, on the other hand, symbolizes the primacy of the rule of law above all else. The play attempts to stir the audience to struggle on which side should prevail. Athens, during the time of Sophocles was in its opulent age.Democracy has been the highest point of the era. However, there are certain rules of law that exist to govern the democratic state. The play seeks to arouse questions from among the audience. Whether certain personal morals and filial duty should take over the rule of law when the situation calls for it. Or whether the rule of law should always prevail to maintain order in the society. However, Sophocles drives spot the point that there are no extreme grounds. Moral ascendancy and the rule of law are invariably intertwined and should be taken into consideration in making a decision.In the play it was the comical messenger that best manifested the careful weighing of consequences of his actions when he pondered to and fro on what to tell Creon. It was him that provided a middle ground. His action was the very reflection of the thoughts of the audience. Towards the end of the play, both Creon and Antigone became so blind of their pride in their decision that they were no longer fighting for what they believe is right. Antigone sees her suicide as a form of sacrilegious immolation as if she was vainglorious herself up for the good of her brother.Likewise, Creon perceives his decision to condemn Antigone as strength of leadership. He thinks that if he pardons Antigone, then he had let Antigone win, that Antigone will emerge to be the man in the battle. Creons and Antigones superlative folly is their tendency to oversimplify the situation. Antigone reduced the circumstance to moral ascendancy and Creon to the rule of law. Their pride make them blind that their decision will lead to conflict and deliberation. Like all characters of the play, Oedipus tragic flaw is his pride. In Oedipus the King, the rise and fall of Oedipus was accounted to his pride.His killing of his father was brought about by his pride, his desire to seek the honor of his individuation was driven by pride, his edict of severe punishment to the murderer of Laius was brought about by pride and even is in his lowest moment when he eventually discovered the trueness he still clung to the last pieces of his trappings as king. However, there is a striking difference in Oedipus pride and that of Creons and Antigones. Antigone claims that it was for her love of her brother that she disobeyed Creon but in reality she puts herself in a pedestal with greater morals than Creon could understand.She disguise her pride with proclamations of sacrifice and martyrdom for filial love. Creon, on the other hand, asserts that hi s actions are but mere execution of law. However, in truth, Creon revels at the power that he holds upon the kingdom. This is evident even in the play Oedipus the King when Creon demonstrate his newfound power by curtly cutting off Oedipus while he was still mourning his fate. Oedipus pride, however, was disguised as his earnestness. This was exposed when he declared that he would seek all means to end the plague in his nation.He was so earnest in his demonstrations to the people of his intentions to save his kingdom that he himself cemented his doom. Furthermore, in seeking the murderer of Laius, in his earnestness to punish the criminal, he unknowingly condemned himself. More over, when the truth of his identity was slowly untangling, he was so earnest in wanting to discover the whole truth that he made a way for his ruination. In truth, Oedipus was earnest because he wanted to set himself isolated from the rest. He wanted to be a great leader in his nation. His exaggerated de monstrations of his intentions to save his nation were masked pride.He clearly wanted to be the savior of his kingdom. He celebrates at the power that he holds upon the people. This is obvious that he dares insult the oracle when he came to his presence. Moreover, being royals, Jocasta and Oedipus had the tendency to invalidate the fate the gods have in store for them. They have countless times declared that the oracle is false. This is clearly a signalise of their pride that they could not fathom that there are any other being that is above them. At the end of the play, Oedipus took responsibility of his actions. But even in his broken state he was still proud.It was him who commanded Creon to finish Jocasta as he sees fit and to banish him from his nation. Although he no longer has any real power, he still managed to hold on to his last bits of power as a former king. Oedipus the King terminate with Oedipus as a broken man banished from his kingdom and disgraced from the societ y. In Oedipus at Colonus, we find undecomposed that, a broken man. However, his brokenness should not be interpreted as newfound humility. Contrariwise, his decent into brokenness left him embittered. In the play, he again questions his fate.He even questions his sons decision in remaining adamant in his exile. The initial scene of the play rightly sets the tone for the story. Antigone was describing their trespass on holy ground that must be corrected with prayers and libation. It is ironing that Oedipus and Antigone, with full knowledge of the wrongness of their action still proceed to commit the effect then proceed to rectify the iniquitous. This is the theme all throughout the play, the characters all seemingly commit an action that they are fully aware that is not correct but still proceed to do so nonetheless.Again all of which is because of pride. When Creon abducts Oedipus daughters, Theseus proceeds to rescue them. He pretends that he did so because of honor and duty. How ever, in reality, Theseus primary objective is to save his own kingdom. In this play, most of the characters have hidden agenda. In the first two plays that Sophocles wrote, the characters were forthright with their motives. Antigone and Creon were so brash and obvious in their thoughts and beliefs in Antigone. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus lack of blunt motives led to his destruction.But in the third installment, the characters were more masked in their intentions. Even Oedipus, when he refused to go back to his city, he maintained that it was on the basis of his newfound holiness but in truth it was his pride that kept him from coming back. Why would come back to a city that shunned him? Or to the people that eschewed themselves from him? Moreover, in a confrontation with Polynices, he begins to questions his sons actions on why they were apathetic of his exile. He failed to realize that it was him who commanded Creon to exile him in the first place.Just as he was physically blind , he was also blind from the truth. Even in his deprivation he still was not able to fully see the extent of his mistakes and his pride. In the end, Oedipus goal was inconsequential. For a character such as him, it is but ironic that his death was portrayed as but peripheral with only Theseus as witness. Even the lamentations of Ismene and Antigone were not impassionate enough. Sophocles merely pointed out that no matter how great Oedipus was in his former glory, like everyone else, his end is just merely death a fate that no great man can escape from.

Hamlet is known to be the most popular play written by Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

settlement is known to be the most popular play create verbally by Shakespeare Essaycrossroads is known to be the most popular play indite by Shakespeare. It is also, by a significant margin, the longest of Shakespeares plays. It has been translated to many languages and has become the subject of excited and critical argument more than any other work of literature. The play was written around 1602 or 1603 at a period of time when Elizabethan London was a melting pot of unique intellectual and elegant ferment. For Shakespeare at the turn of the century, when he addressed himself to the small town story, contradiction and the uncertainty of attitude towards revenge would nourish been part of the air he breathed. He must also have been familiar with a huge body of literature in which revenge was a central concern. Hamlet must have been written shortly after Julius Caesar (1599), another revenge play. At two moments in Hamlet the killing of Caesar is remembered. Julius Caesar had contained a vengeful ghost. Hamlet complicates the story by directing attention to three linked father-and-son pairs old Hamlet and the prince who has inherited his name but not his kingdom, old Fortinbras and a son whose situation is similar to that of Hamlet but whose character is very different, Polonius and Laertes.All three fathers die by violence. All three sons spunk responsible to take revenge, but the response of each to his task is completely different. There is also the gripping debate more or less sexuality and sexual morality. As society continues to change the nature of that debate shifts but the basic issues dealt with in Hamlet remain fundamental to man and this is perhaps the reason why a four hundred year old text in Elizabethan English continues to excite pot from so many different cultures and ideologies. Act 3 icon 4 takes place in Gertrudes closet.hither a series of fast paced events takes place. Hamlet speaking daggers to his mother, Polonius murde red accidentally, Hamlets second and final meeting with the ghost, the re-joining of the mother-son mystify all fall under this scene. Shakespeare makes this scene very important through the use of language, style, setting etcetera This scene follows the play within a play performed by the players in Act 3 Scene 3. Hamlet had used the play to catch the conscience of the King. Hamlet aims to get both the King and queen conscience through the play.He gets her by takeioning Madam, how do you like this play? showing how he wants to make her feel guilty. Act 3 Scene 4 is somewhat a continuation of his quest to free his mother from her incestuous sin. It also follows Claudius plotting with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to kill Hamlet in England and Polonius plan to spy on Hamlet when he approaches his mother in the closet. The scene begins as a kind of dramatic parallel to Act 3 Scene 1 Polonius eavesdropping, Gertrude speaking to her son.As before with Ophelia Hamlet comes face to f ace with somebody to whom he was once close to but from whom he has been deliberately separated. The murder of King Hamlet and the marriage of Queen Gertrude all are the cause of this break-up. The discussion between mother and son, the only extensive one in the play, concentrates upon how her sexual lust has led her to leave her wholesome brother for a mildewed ear. This is the only scene where mother and son are alone (excluding Polonius). Hence Shakespeare is able to bring out Hamlets feelings and opinions about his mothers incestuous crime.His opening lines itself show his mockery of the rhythm and the words of her reprimand. Hamlet turns the finger of accusation to her he turns the tables on her through his language. Queen Hamlet, thou hast thy father some(prenominal) offended. Hamlet Mother, you have my father much offended. Queen Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue. Hamlet Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue. Hamlet also makes his character clear You go not till I set you up on a crosspatch where you may see the innermost part of you.

Hybrid Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Hybrid Vehicles EssayThe 21st century is considered as the sequence for more advance development and innovation of the human society. Prior to this era, mankind has already been busy with make ground-breaking design to importantly improve how people live their lives. However, due to changing times, these actions shed resulted to about consequences that initiated changes for the erupt and for the worse. Some of the changes that have transpired in the past nine years since the commencement of the 21st century atomic number 18 the occurrence of global warming and the recently devastating global financial crisis. Evidently, these problems have been caused by humanness but they argon aw ar that these crises exist. Because of their realization, many learned as well as ordinary individuals have drafted solutions on how to mitigate the effects and even eradicate the problems at hand. In relation to the growing curse of climate change and fiscal recession, experts have devised a s imple apparatus that would address these two problems. This inquire solution is the crossbreeding vehicle. Nowadays, it is common knowledge that global warming is mainly caused by the emission of deleterious gases in the earths atmosphere.More so, the increase in oil termss has been one of the major detailors for the turn of the US economy. Through the hybrid automobile, these alarming causes nates be directly dealt with if this type of automobile exit be utilized for public transportation. By doing this, the production of carbon emissions can be greatly reduced, fares would significantly decline and use of gas would be lessened thus helping millions of commuters to save money and at the same time the environment. A hybrid vehicle is a specific kind of automobile that has two or more major sources of propulsion power. This vehicle is usually made out of a effected gasoline and electric motor. These two parts are the source of power for a hybrid which promoter that gas an d electricity or any different renewable energy such as hydrogen, propane, CNG and solar energy are simultaneously used to run the vehicle. As a result, fuel efficiency, increase in horse power, longer driving range and reduced chiliadhouse gas emissions can all be accomplished by one single machine (What-is-what. com, 2007). In comparison with regular and other green cars available in the market, the hybrid vehicle is more beneficial to use.Hybrid vehicles can only wrap up an average of 33 to 60 miles per gallon during city driving and 27 to 68 miles per gallon in highway driving. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, these numbers are way better than the performance of other types of vehicles. This only shows that by using hybrid vehicles, users can definitely reduce their gas expenses. In a year, this type of vehicle can consume only $600 to $700 worth of gas which is lower to the average apostrophize of $2000 annually using ordinary vehicles.Also, a hybrid is on ly low maintenance due to the fact that it utilizes less gas which results to less strain on the engine. Furthermore, the battery is a nonher major part of the hybrid that supplies energy to the motor. This power source can be regularly drained and recharged but need not to worry about its durability because it was made to withstand various problems. Also, most manufacturers offer warranty honourable in case it wears out (Green living Answers, 2009). In contrast with electric cars, a hybrid has little batteries which do not require constant charging.In addition, using electric cars can cause some drawbacks such as availability of charging stations, lack of range, low top speed, and lack of acceleration (Halt, 2009). Moreover, there are numerous initiatives pioneered by the government and business establishment in order to provided monetary incentives and perks to hybrid users. First, the federal Tax Credits for Advanced Vehicles which entails new tax credits for advanced vehicle technologies ranging from $250 to $3,400 depending on the vehicles direct of fuel economy improvement. Second incentive is giving out discounts for auto insurances on hybrid vehicles. Third, hotel discounts are given to users of hybrid vehicles (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007). Given all these facts, it is apparent that hybrid vehicles can bring dictatorial changes to the current global situation. By employing this innovation on a large scale, revolutionary transformation can immediately be seen and felt by the public. In this case, the looming threat of climate change and oil price hike can be alleviated by using Hybrid vehicles for mass transportation. References Green Living Answers.(2009). Hybrid Cars vs Regular Cars. Retrieved may 4, 2009, from http//www. greenlivinganswers. com/hybrid-vehicles/hybrid-cars-vs-regular-cars Halt, G. (2009, March 19). Electric Cars Vs Hybrids. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http//ezinearticles. com/? Electric-Cars-Vs-Hybridsid=2120736 What-i s-what. com. (2007, November 2). What is a Hybrid Vehicle? Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http//what-is-what. com/what_is/hybrid_vehicle. html Union of Concerned Scientists. (2007). State and Federal Hybrid Incentives. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http//go. ucsusa. org/hybridcenter/incentives. cfm

Disable Women in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Disable Women in Bangladesh Essay impairment is something that we take prejudiciously, most comm further if in Bangladesh we like to address them Protibondhi, a unnoticeable and unrealistic terminology. Lets see what disability is from the beingness Health Organizations definition Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a line in body race or structure an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in murder a task or action while a participation restriction is a worry experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a individuals body and features of the society in which he or she lives. Nowadays we do not call these blush disabilities, we term them as impaired. A person may also qualify as impaired if he/she has had impairment in the past or is seen as handicappe d based on a ain or group standard or norm. Such impairments may include physiologic, sensory, and cognitive or breedingal disabilities. Mental disorders (also known as psychiatrical or psychosocial disability) and various types of chronic disease may also qualify as disabilities.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there ar 7. 5 million women with disabilities in Bangladesh, which is certainly a take of consideration to the government. Human regenerates which has been a talk of the world is the most important thing that government postulate to ensure for them Human rights is something that is inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a forgiving being. Researches have been done and signifi asst as well as torment issues have been identified on the human rights condition and survival pattern of girls with disabilities.Types and degrees of disability The breakup or distribution of disability among the teenaged girls and women with disabilities broadly attendgond the same to the national average. The major group has physical disability, 37. 33% among adolescence girls, and 40% among women. Speech and hearing, visual and adroit disabilities come to the next categories. Multiple disabilities were seen the least at a compiled figure of 10%. As to the degree of disability, the moderates rest on the top at 36. 13%. The lowest is the profound category at 9. 5%. The interesting point to note is that in severe category, the voice of affected girls with disability is higher in comparison to woman with disability. It is really eye-catching. Human rights issues The truly right to security of human life has been violated on many occasions when it relates to the girls and women with disabilities. They had been sexually abused, physically tortured, verbally abused. Even in some fields they became disabled due to violence etc. inflicted upon them. They did not even modernise opportunity to demand justice.Moreover, they were blamed as guilty because of handicapping environment. The girls and women with disabilities are usually deprived of getting coming to sermon and wellness care facilities. Social beliefs and superstitions in many cases caused such deprivation. They have been deprived of the rights of underlying fostering. The school authorities in many cases refused to enroll the girls with disabilities although they had potentialities. This is a violation of the right to education delimit in the Declaration of Education for All and the National Disability Policy.Communication is a basic human right but there is no such recognized communication mechanism (Bangla Sign language) for the dustup and hearing impaired persons in the country. Treatment Data revealed that 93. 33% of girls and 97. 50% of women with disabilities had at some stages of their lives original some kind of treatment for their impairment and disability. At times, as the data indicate that when it appears that no recover is possible, most families become hopeless and refrain from seeking further services (though essential) for girls and women with disabilities.This disillusionment or sluggishness pays a heavy toll on the girls and women with disabilities. The respondent families of the girls and women with disabilities had sought treatment from a varied vagabond of sources even at high approachs. The family members paid about 89% of the treatment costs. This indicates the call down of poor health service delivery to the persons with disabilities at state level, which has mandatory obligation to deliver such minimum medi-care cost melt. That is the poorest of the poor even do not get the bare basics of health services.EducationDisability is a barrier to education. Only 3. 75% proceeded to university education in the woman with disability group. The highest enrollment can be seen at the primary school level at 21. 25% for women with disabilities and 30. 67% for g irls with disabilities respectively. roughly of the girls and women with disabilities who are pursuing education have to attend in formal schools due to the existing provision of free primary education. The second highest numbers of learners attend in non-formal educational institution. Enrolment in special education is much lower.A massive 64% (average figures of girls and women with disabilities combined) dropout rate occurs from primary to secondary level. 36. 06% of the women with disabilities and 36. 58% of the girls with disabilities were either beleaguer or their venture to study were not supported (not in favour) by other members of their surrounding environment. approachability to the educational institution is one of the major problems for girls and women with physical disabilities. Girls with disabilities residing in hostels face problems due to absence of feminine house parent which limits sharing of feminine and other essential needs.The most humiliating thing is th at the teachers are also involved in teasing their disabled learners. In spite of all of these inconveniences and handicapping environment, the girls and women with disabilities have potentials to be in mainstream education. Some are in education process where their disability is not visibly identified. engagement It was discouraging to note that very insignificant number of respondents (3. 21%) from the two groups were involved in ripe time income generating activities. 64. 2% were sitting idle with no work. However some of them, particularly the women with disabilities (21. 88%) were in some way earning some income through different activities mostly in the informal sector. Although the number is not mentionable, some women with disabilities are engaged in multi-sectorial jobs like office job, teaching, small business, day-laborer, housemaid, handicrafts worker, dairy poultry education, sewing, and house-hold works etc. In most cases they managed to arrange the job themselves with out any external support.The income of the women or girls with disabilities is mostly spent in meeting the family needs but their family and the society do not always encourage the engagement in jobs/works of the girls or women with disabilities. Marriage, conjugal relationship and dowry The involvement in romantic relationship ranks very high in lifes priorities for most women. The study focused on such personal factors like attitudes toward marriage, behavioural aspect, the effect of disability on the partners behaviour environmental factors, social attitudes and family expectations of the respondents.Situation is reversed in case of women or adolescent girls with disabilities. Arranged marriage is nonetheless customary in the society of Bangladesh. The percentage of adolescent marriage is 48%. This is discouraging, yet the family can find spouse. The rate of marriage of adolescent girls with disabilities is only 2%. One of the major causes of the frustration of women with disabilities and their families is people are hesitant to marry a disabled girl. some of the marriages of women with disabilities took place against consideration or offering of big amount of cash or kind, even charge as dowry.Community and family attitudes The overall development of a girl or woman with disability depends on the attitudes of the people or community surrounding them. In cases of positive attitudes from family, and other concerned in the society, the girls or women with disability seems to be more confident and have success in life while the negative attitudes make the girl or woman with disability depressed, dependant and a person with low self-esteem. It revealed that only 7. 10% participated in games and sports. A larger, yet still negligible, number of the respondents, 26. 3%, participated in social activities.However, figures state that actual participation is low by women and girls with disabilities, but in terms of their intention to participate, the respons e is satisfactorily high. 53. 5% reported that they were interested to participate, while only 7. 5% commented that they would never like to participate. In the adolescence group, the families with members in between 6 to 10 numbered highest with figures of 80 (53. 33%). Families with members in between 1 to 5, numbering 65 (43. 33%) come next.For a larger family it is possible to share the care-time required for the disabled family member. Abuse Women with disabilities appear to be at high risk for emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. The prevalence of abuse of the girls and women with disabilities was 92% for both groups. Al most the equal percentage of women and girls with disabilities reported emotional abuse (78% and 75%), incidents of physical abuse (82% for both) are also same. And cases of sexual abuses (32% and 37%) have however, little difference. In many cases parents also abuse the girls and women with disabilities.Most of the incidences of sexual abuses occur among th e girls and women with intellectual disabilities. In the second frequency of sexual abuse towards girls and women with disabilities goes to hearing impairment. This is move to note that the traditional healers abuse the girls and women with disabilities sexually in the name of offering therapy or treatment. Not only the abused girls and women even their family members do not feel comfortable to disclose such cases of abuses because of social threat or embarrassment.Reproductive healthMost of the girls and women are not much aware of the issues related to the phases of procreative health. People identified disability, particularly of the women, as a risk factor for procreative health. The society is still conservative to discuss reproductive health issues. The parents (even mothers) do not share any sexual and reproductive health issues or information with their daughters. Most of the adolescent girls get idea about the phases of physical development and transition period (internal transformation or menstrual) from peers, elder sisters, sister-in-laws, grandmothers etc.Majority of the girls with disabilities had experienced serious problem of shock, phobia, depression, and embarrassment while facing period. Especially the girls with speech and hearing impairment face difficulty in passing this period due to limited communication capability. Physical ingathering Natural physical growth is a normal development process in the human body due to hormonal changes. The physical change also effects changes in behaviour and attitudes of a person, but in case of intellectual disabled, family could not measure or notice such physical changes that are usually expected and therefore they became worried.Psychological phenomenon The psychology of the girls and women with disabilities is dependent on many emotional, environmental and social factors such as self-assessment, personal acceptance, family and social attitude, isolation and etc. Many girls and women even with min or disabilities are facing problems of acceptance in their families. Segregation from the society and family was common feature for girls and women with disabilities in many cases. In many cases, the girls and women with disabilities were segregated even at their work places.It is evident that the girls and women with disabilities are deprived of their Basic Human Rights like food, clothes, education and treatment etc. That creates negative influence on overall psychological development or mindset of the disabled women and girls. Sexual abuses in many cases have caused stressful situation on the psyche of the girls and women with disabilities, which ultimately made them isolated and frustrated. Ability, dignity and self-esteem Majorities of the girls and women with disabilities including severe level of disabilities have the confidence to be educated and accompanying engagement in contributing activities.Many of them have skills in trades like sewing, cooking, painting, handicrafts , tailoring, dairy and poultry raising and etc. There are evidences of extra-ordinary achievement by severely disabled women. Some of the girls and women with disabilities who had luckily ingress to employment, developed romantic relationship with the desired one and are now living a sharp married life. The self-esteem of the girls and women with disabilities is more strongly influenced by social and environmental factors.

Cypop 24 Essay Example for Free

Cypop 24 EssayPhonics encapables children to experience regular, planned opportunities to listen and talk virtually what they hear, see and do. Phonics is a six phase encountering programme that is incorporated deep down nurseries and primary schools. It modifys children to plump phonemes for hit the booksing and segmenting for spellings. Phase one is aimed at the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) as it go at heart the intercourse, nomenclature and literacy section. This phase recognises the importance of break-danceing speaking and listening skills. This enables children to start a dogmatic programme accordingly they argon more likely to succeed. in spite of appearance nurseries and primary school they tolerate proscribed jolly phonics. Jolly phonics enables the children to submit the sounds of earns, this can be incorporated within a song to cook up each(prenominal) letter of the alphabet for example for a you say A A A Ants up my arm, you would say this d oing a pinching movement up one of your arms. Within jolly phonics there be fiver skills that are taught, these include learning the letter sounds this is when children are taught the 42 main letter sounds. This includes alphabet sounds as well as digraphs such as sh, th, ai and ue.Learning letter formation this is when children are able to use divers(prenominal) multi-sensory methods, they learn how to form and write the letters. Blending is when children are taught how to blend the sounds to demoraliseher to examine and write new members. Identifying the sounds in words (Segmenting) is when the children are able to listen for the sounds in words gives children the shell start for improving spelling. And then there is tricky words, Tricky words have irregular spellings and children learn these separately away from the other words.Jolly phonics processs to embolden children by learning within a recreation environment. http//jollylearning. co. uk/overview-ab step to the fore -jolly-phonics/ Phase 2 is the beginning of the arrogant programme. These phonics are best being taught in short, discrete day-after-day sessions. Stage 2 starts with an approach to start learning some letter formations e. g. S A T P I N. Within fits this could be incorporated by burring letters in gritstone of bubbles for the children to find and tell you what sound that letter makes and then put it back in for other children to find. The systematic programs are not designed to control the teachers but to control the presentation of information in establish to help children manage and master the complexities of our phraseology. The purpose of a systematic program is to help the child learn. http//www. righttrackreading. com/dsphonics. hypertext mark-up language Phase three bonks the teaching of the alphabet and helps children to move on to sounds that consist of more than one letter e. g. he the. Phase four enables children to learn to read and spell words containing adjac ent consonants, e. . the black within the word black, bl are adjacent consonants because they are two different consonants containing different sounds whereas ck at the end of the word black arent adjacent consonants because both letters contain the same sound. Some children may cull up phonics really well and may need this stage earlier than other, in which case they should not be held back. Phase five extends graphemes and phonemes. Graphemes are the names of all the individual letters in the alphabet, phonemes are the sounds the letters make.It shows children that words may sound the same but are spelt differently with different meaning e. g. meet and meat. Phase six should enable children to read automatically usually spellings lag stool reading, so children may still find it difficult to read. Spelling needs children to recall the word from retentiveness and recompose it without being able to see it. Children who are in secondary school patriarchal between 11-16 carry out s pelling activities. During nursery and primary school they learnt the basic phonics to help them read, write and spell.Spelling help to still develop each child and young persons skills. For example within my prepareting I was moveing with the breeding group and they accredited ten spellings any week. Most of the children within the nurture group had SLCN. The children with SLCN always struggled with their spellings, so therefore I provided my support to whoever wanted it. All the spellings they received every week had the same sound in common, e. g. heat, meat, cheat, great. All of these words have eat in common.Within my support I explain to the children that the words may sound differently but the spellings they always received had sounds in common so therefore pointing this out they was able to think of the starting of the word and knew each work has the same sound in and was then able to achieve more marks out of ten on their spellings. This helped to boost their confiden ce and self-esteem because they knew they could do it. Young people that attend college and university aged between 16-25 may carry out key skills/functional skills.Once you leave school and set out to go to college, there are some skills that young people are press release to be fail sack outing and construeing than not having those skills. Once young people have learnt them, then their day-after-day life get out be a lot easier. Whatever children and young people do their going to have to know how to communicate and work with numbers, because literacy and numeracy are a very important when wanting a job as they are a must. Children and young people are going to need to know the basics when it comes to ICT. When young people are ready to generate for jobs or college courses, they cant barely state what they are good and arent good at, they will need to prove it. They can do this by completing a set of courses that assess how well they do at the skills they need to get their dream job. These set of course are called Key Skills. These courses include communication, application of number, information and communication applied science (ICT), problem solving, improving own learning and performance, and working with others.These skills will help children and young people to further develop their skills. If young people have SLCN then they may receive support to complete these skills to enable them to go on to college or to get a job. Adults can help to extend the speech, language and communication development by simply involving them in conversations using a child language instead of an boastful language. This enables the children to understand you more when you ask them questions. For example if you asked How are you feeling today? they may not to the full understand as it is a complex question whereas if you asked Are you okay? this is a simpler question and will be easier for them to understand. If you interact children with SLCN they are more likel y to improve their vocabulary and social communication because they are involved within an activity and may start to communicate with other children without really noticing. Adults could as well as work with parents/carers by communicating with them and possibly sending SLCN activities home with the child or young person to complete at home with their parent/carer.This enables the parent/carer to see where their child is at within their development and also enables them to help their child further develop their skills. Phonics, spellings and key skills all have positive effects on a child and young persons life. Phonics enables children to understand the names and sounds of letters and help them learn to read, write and spell. Learning phonics enables them to progress through primary school to secondary school. Being able to read and write enables the children and young people to complete their work and their SATs.Completing spellings enables children and young people to develop th eir writing skills and their vocabulary as they may know how to spell a word without maybe shrewd that it is a word. Key skills effects young peoples lives because it teaches them six different skills to help them apply for college courses and gain a further education to get a job that they want. Doing all of these things is improving their speech, language and communication needs and also their vocabulary. 3. 3 Apply research evidence to planning an environment that supports speech, language and communicationWithin my work oscilloscope I worked closely with children with additional needs. Within my work ground we always got told that if a child I was there to support was getting too frustrated within lessons to remove them from that lesson and take them to a calmer and quieter environment and work 11 with that child. For example child T has SLCN and he doesnt like noise and gets frustrated and distracted very easily so my setting enables him to receive brain breaks which enable s him to leave the classroom with his TA and have a little walk and a drink to calm him down until he feels ready to return to the classroom.If he feels he cant go back to the classroom because of the atmosphere then it is down to the TA to return to the classroom and consume the work he needs to complete and liaise with the class teacher to inform them how child T is feeling and wanting to complete his work in a quieter environment as he feels he will work better and will be able to complete his work to a better standard. When a child is removed to a quieter environment the work is broken down into small step for them to complete one after another.This enables the child or young person to understand the work and prevail on task as they wont get frustrated because they dont understand it. Providing these sessions with child T enables him to enjoy coming to school as he knows if he starts to struggle then staff can make it easier for him. This also enables him to achieve his set t argets within his lessons as we are providing support for him to complete his work.

The Burning of the Parliament Building Essay Example for Free

The Burning of the Parliament Building EssayThe Parliament Building that was fire in Montreal was tragic that happened recently. .It is considered a crucial moment due to which the co-prime ministers of the united Province of Canada, Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin were especially queer .The St. Annes Market building lodging the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada was burned down by Loyalist rioters in retaliation for the Rebellion Losses Bill while the members of the Legislative Assembly were sitting in session.The fortune is characterized by divisions in pre-Confederation Canadian society concerning whether Canada was the North American appendage of the British Empire or a nascent,sovereign nation. In 1837 and 1838 Canadians rebelled against the oligarchic rule of the British colonial administration, first in Lower Canada, because in Upper Canada (or the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario Respectively. Rumours is being spread stating that the parliament will be shifted to upper canada . permit us see what happens. Our country is a complete mess at this moment let us see what solution is going to come up to overcome this problem .It is considered to be a family violence.Mr. Johnson took the Chair of the Committee and after more or less time when the meeting went on Committee were interrupted by stones and other missiles thrown from the streets, through the windows, into the Legislative Assembly Hall, which caused the Committee to rise, and the Members to withdraw into the adjoining passages for safety, from whence Mr. vocalizer and the other Members were almost immediately compelled to retire and leave the Building, which had been set fire to on the outside. Luckily they some how managed to escape this tragic event.When Lord Elgin he no longer deserves the name of Excellency made his display on the street to retire from the Council Chamber, he was received by the crowd with hisses, hootings, and groans. His horse carriage was fill up out of the yolk of eggs and rotten tomato. He will regret for his decision.

The Use of Psychobabbles in Psychology Essay Example for Free

The Use of Psychobabbles in Psychology EssayThe al-Quran psychobabble was coined and first use by R. D. Rosen, a journalist and an author, in 1975. The refreshed Times Magazine then used the term as title of the cover story Psychobabble The raw(a) Language of Candor. It was in 1977 though when the term gained popularity through the book entitled Psychobabble Fast Talk and strong Cure in the Era of Feeling published by Rosen. The book looks at the explosion of terminologies and treatments in psychology, whether in professional or non-professional scenes. Psychobabble is defined in the book as a derogatory word signifying a technical jargon in psychology that is existence used outside its original purpose. around people competency use a specific mental term in a distinct context and without re completelyy knowing the words real meaning. In that case, a psychobabble is formed. This situation would however de none the speakers incapability of understanding the proper use of a certain mental word or term.However, in other cases, psychobabbles be perceived as jargon words denoting meanings beyond what scholars and trained practitioners accept. The frequent use of such psychobabbles can lead to the widespread exploitation of some psychological terms. Laypersons might use them to describe a thing inappropriate for the meaning of a psychological word. Worse, they might describe a non-clinical situation as a medical one, even if it is not. Today, psychobabbles are rampant in motivational seminars, management training, and popular psychology.Examples of Psychobabbles Synergy The word synergy means the event that happens when two or more agents are combine and created an effect greater than what was expected. A person who knows and understand the effects of to each one agent can better predict their synergy. An example of this is drug synergism, where two or more drugs combined interact to augment the characteristics of their effects. In Psychology, syner gy in drugs is often used. However, the word becomes a psychobabble when applied to humans.In human synergy, two or more people interact to accomplish a bigger and greater goal. For example, if two carpenters combined their strengths, they will be able to finish a house bigger in a faster rate. Although synergy is not used in this manner frequently, still the word is bonnie a laymans term. Holistic The term refers to the thought that all components of a certain evasion or system should be taken as a whole thing and not spaced from each other.In psychology, holistic approach is being observed in psychosomatic medicine, where multiple factors are used to devise a systematic model for the psyche and the soma. Nowadays, the psyche and the soma are not seen as two separated entities but more of two interlinked units. In this manner, holistic approach is to a fault commonly used in the context outside its original scientific meaning. Holistic is also being used in as part of the Englis h vocabulary pertaining to a kind of systematized living where all aspects are connected biological, psychological, and social way of living.Abnormality In psychology, the term abnormality is often used to describe a condition that is perceived as rare and dysfunctional. Abnormal behaviors are given eternal attention and study in the field of abnormal psychology. The criteria for abnormality are being subjected to studies based on scientific approach. Although the term purely connotes a psychological meaning, still abnormality becomes a laymans term used to pertain to any unusual or strange characteristic of a person, a thing, an animal, or a situation or condition.

Stationary Phase In Gas Chromatography Engineering Essay

unmoving Phase In Gas Chromatography Engineering EssayStationary kind in Gas Chromatography (GC) is the part of the chromatographic system where the mobile course will proceed and distribute the solutes betwixt the phases. Stationary phase plays a vital role in determining the selectivity and guardianship of solutes in a mixture. There ar two major types of GC which be gas- substantiality chromatography and gas- naiant chromatography.In gas-solid chromatography, identical framework is apply as both the nonmoving phase and upkeep material. The common adsorbents used let in alumina, molecular sieve such as zeolite and clay, silicon oxide and active carbon. In gas-liquid chromatography, the nonmoving phase is a liquid which is immobilized or adsorbed on a solid foul material such as silica particles. The material of nonmoving phase ranges from polymers such as polysiloxanes, polyesters, polyethylene glycols to fluorocarbons, and liquid crystals. In addition, the stati onary phase may consist of either porous particles, solid particles or a fibrous material such as paper.There are various types of stationary phases available because the choice of stationary phase world the most suitable one depends on the house of components. The primary rule of separation is like change state like where non- pivotal analytes will divider strongly into non-polar stationary phases and polar analytes partition into polar phases.Polysiloxanes, for instance are the most common stationary phases. They possess the greatest variety and are stable, robust and versatile. Besides that, they spate resist oxidation and offer noble solute diffusivitites into the polymer coupled with excellent chemical and thermal stability. degree Celsius% methyl group substituted is the most basic polysiloxane being used and is non polar. The diagram at a dispiriteder place shows the basic structure of 100% dimethyl substituted polysiloxane.Because a variety of groups backside be incorporated into the structure, polysiloxane exhibit a wide range of polarities ranging from non polar to polar. This burn down be done by replacing the methyl groups with other functional groups in the polymer structure. The structure be scurvy-scale is a general representation of substituted polysiloxane.The R groups rout out be methyl(-CH3), phenyl(-C6H5), trifluoropropyl(-CH2CH2CF3) or cyanopropyl(-CH2CH2CH2CN). X and Y show up the ploughshare of an aggregate in the overall polymeric stationary phase composition. The increase in the percentage of substitution of these polar groups increases the polarity of the liquid phase to various degree.For instance, 5% diphenyl-95% dimethyl polysiloxane.In this structure, R1 and R2 are phenyl groups and R3 and R4 are methyl groups. M and N have the value of 5% and 95% respectively.Table below shows virtually of the common stationary phases used in gas-liquid chromatography.Stationary PhaseCommon Trade NameTemperatureCApplicationsPol ydimethyl siloxaneOV-1, SE-30350hydrocarbons, drugs, steroidsPoly(phenylmethyldimethyl)siloxane (10% phenyl)OV-3, SE-52350Fatty acid methyl esters, alkaloids, drugsPoly(phenylmethyl) siloxane (50% phenyl)OV-17250Drugs, steroids, pesticides, glycolsPoly(trifluoropropyldimethyl)siloxaneOV-210200Chlorinated aromatics, nitroaromatics,alkyl substituted benzeneMethyl-5% phenyl polysiloxaneSE-54, OV-23, DB-5, SPB-5, BP-5, HP-5, ULTRA 2, RTx-5, CPSil-850-325Similar to methyl polysiloxane. Slightly more than selective due to phenyl content. Excellent thermal stability.Methyl 50% Phenyl PolysiloxaneOV-17, DB-17, SPB-7, BP-10, HP-17, RTx-17, AT-50,40-325Added selectivity-higher phenyl content.Retains similar compounds longer than methyl silicone.Efficient separations of drugs, sugars and steroids. nice thermal stability.6% Cyanopropylphenyl 94% MethylpolysiloxaneDB-1301, RTx-1301, HP-130130-320Selectivity for polarizable and polar compounds. Exhibits little retention of polyaromatic compoun ds. serious thermal stability.Methyl 7% Cyanopropyl 7% Phenyl PolysiloxaneDB-1701, CPSil-19, RTx-1701, AT-1701280Unique selectivity of cyanopropyl and phenyl groups.Not truly a polar phase.Good thermal stabilityMethyl 25% Cyanopropyl 25% Phenyl PolyciloxaneDB-255, HP-255, CPSil-43, RTx-225, AT-25540-240 paired phase.Efficient separations of fatty acids and alditol acetate derivatives of sugars.Fair thermal stabilitySilicone OilDC-550180-200Moderately polar substrate,used for alkylbenzenes and naphthalene homologsSilicone maunder RubberSE-30400Non polar,for highest temperature work. Used for steroids and polycyclical aromaticsFor polydimethyl siloxane, the -R groups are all hydrophobic giving liquid the least polarity and has the following general structure.Poly(cyanopropylphenyldimethyl) siloxanes are another polar stationary phases. They are used in separating compounds which obligate several hydroxyl groups such as steroids.Another type of stationary phase is polyethylene glycol s (PEGs) which is shown below.This stationary phase is non-silicon-containing stationary phase and is most widely used after siloxanes in the analysis of polar solutes. They are moderately polar and was considered the most polar stationary phase available due to the problem in coating and crabby-linking of polar siloxane on the stationary phase. Besides, they are well known for their unique selectivity and high polarity as a liquid phase. The polyethylene backbone of these pillars is contrary than polysiloxane phases. Strong polar dispersive interaction in the phase is imparted by the oxygen group in the polymer backbone. It alike provides a precise strong dipole interaction as the phase itself is capable of hydrogen bonding which is the bonding amidst a strong polar group (OH, NH) and a compound with strong electronegativity (F, O, N). Stationary phases with jump or FFAP in their names to a fault belong to polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycols stationary phases have 10 0% of the stated material because they are not substituted. They have several disadvantages such as slight stable, less(prenominal) robust and limited maximum temperature compared to most siloxanes. In addition, they exhibit shorter lifetimes and have high susceptibility to wrongfulness upon over-heating or exposure to oxygen. However, the unique separation properties of polyethylene glycol have made these liabilities tolerable. Also, cross-linked PEG phase is able to overcome these deficiencies. Under GC temperature condition, PEG stationary phases must be liquids. For example, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and other compounds with low boiling points butt end be separated by a suitable sorbent called PEG 400. Carbowax 20M can be used for the separation of polar compounds with higher boiling points. Other polar compounds such as amino alcohols, hydroxyl acids, dibasic acids, amines, nitrile, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), aromatic volatile compounds, and nitrosamine s can also be separated using PEG editorials.Arylene-modified polysiloxanes are also known as aryl-poly or arylene stationary phase. They are similar to standard polysiloxane except having phenyl groups in the polymer backbone. This stationary phase has several advantages including lower column hightail it and higher temperature limits than their polysiloxane counterparts.Diagram 1 Structure of arylene-modified polysiloxaneIn order to prevent column bleed during GC analysis, most of the stationary phases used today are of arylene-modified polysiloxane. These stationary phases have been designed to be equivalent to a familiar stationary phase such as 5% phenylmethyl polysiloxane (BD-5ms and DB-5). They have lissom differences although both the stationary phases have similar separation characteristics.Chiral stationary phases are also used in Gas Chromatography analysis. These stationary phases are typically used to separate individual enantiomers, stereoisomers which except diff er in the spatial arrangement of their atoms and in their ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. Separation of two substances can only occur when their standard energy of distribution differ, which means that their standard enthalpies and/or their standard entropies of distribution also differ. In general, the standard enthalpy indicates the difference in the interactive forces such as polar, dispersive and noggin interactive on the molecule in the two phases whereas the standard entropy indicates their spatial disposition. Hence, to separate chiral solutes, the stationary phase chosen must differ significantly in the spatial arrangement of its composite atoms results in the probability or proximity of interaction between the two enantiomers to be separated. Many chiral compounds are used in the preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP). Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most commonly used chiral compounds. Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligomer substituted int o a conventional siloxane stationary phase. A strong interaction with the cavity in the CD is achieved when fundamental molecules of correct size and shape are present. Hence, these organic molecules will be more strongly maintained on the capillary column. Furthermore, modified CDs are used since they are capable of resolving chiral solutes over a high range of GC temperatures. Chiral stationary phase plays a vital role in separation especially in pharmaceutical industry because pharmaceutical compounds usually exist as enantiomers. Some ungainly estimations about the target compounds that are generally well dissolved into their enantiomers by using specific chiral stationary phase are illustrated below.Product NameStationary PhaseAnalytesCyclodextrin E2,6-Pentyl-3-Butyryl-gamma-Cyclodextrinoxygenated terpenes, alcohols, epoxidesCyslodextrin G6-Methyl-2,3-Pentyl-gamma-Cyclodextrinmonoterpene hydrocarbons, volatile/low temperatureCyclodextrin H2,6-Methyl-3-Pentyl-gamma-Cyclodextr interpenes, alcohols, alkenesCyclodextrin 3P2,6-Methyl-3-Pentyl-beta-Cyclodextrinterpenes, alcohols, alkenesCyclodextrin TM6-TBDMS-2,3-Methyl-beta-CyclodextrinPCB, polycyclic or chlorinated aromatics, pesticidesCyclodextrin TE6-TBDMS-2,3-Ethyl-beta-Cyclodextrinpharmacopeia separations of essential oilsCyclodextrin TA6-TBDMS-2,3-Acetyl-beta-Cyclodextrinoxygenated terpenes, aromatics, low volatileCyclodextrin PM2,3,6-Methyl-beta-Cyclodextrinlegacy phase for many analytes.In Gas Chromatography, there are generally two different types of column used which are packed columns and capillary columns.Packed columns contain finely divided unemployed solid maintain material that is densely packed in the inside of the column in which the material is coated with a liquid stationary phase. This stationary phase is 3-10% by weight of the solid support and will form a thin liquid film on the surface of the material where the mobile phase will flow over and around the coated material as it travels down the column. The solid support material used is usually diatomaceous earth. To improve resolution and speed, the particles size should be undersized enough, ranging from less than 100-300mm and are uniform in size. Small size of particles is necessary as it increases the surface area for easier partition and separation of solutes. Besides that, the material should be inert to avoid any chemical reaction between the solutes and solid support material. However, packed columns have limited resolution where NDiagram 2 jump section of packed columnSolid support materialPacked columns are 1.5 10 m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 4mm. They are normally constructed from clear steel but can be glass such as Pyrex glass if a less reactive surface is desired. Pyrex glass is chosen when thermally labile solutes are being separated. Unfortunately, glass has mechanical press limitations and for long packed columns, stainless steel columns are chosen since they possess hig h pressure tolerance. The temperament of the coating material which is the liquid stationary phase determines what type of solutes will be most strongly adsorbed onto it. Hence, various columns are available that are designed to separate specific types of compounds.Open tubular columns or rather known as capillary columns are characterized by a small narrow disruption in the centre of the column through which the mobile phase will travel as it moves foregone the stationary phase. There is no packing of solid support material unlike packed columns. hairlike column is constructed by fused silica which is a highly purified and inert material. There is a preventative coating on the outside of the column, called polyamide that affords strength and flexibility in order to wind into small coil.Diagram 3 Cross-section of capillary column capillary columns have a very small internal diameter, on the order of a few tenths of millimeters, are between 25-60 meters in length. Capillary col umns can be divided into three classes which are wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) columns, support-coated open tubular (SCOT) columns and porous tier open tubular (PLOT) columns. For WCOT columns, the inside column walls are coated with a thin bed of liquid stationary phase. The thickness of liquid coating is 0.25 0.5 m thick leading to very fast and cost-effective separations (up to 300,000 plates). Other types of capillary columns exist with the stationary phase contained in different formats. These columns are typically expeditious but they have a small sample capacity due to their low surface area. For SCOT columns, the inner wall of capillary columns are lined with approximately 30m of a porous support material in order to allow a higher loading of stationary phase, resulting higher column capacity. Then, a thin film of liquid stationary phase is then coated on this layer of support material, providing SCOT columns a larger surface area. For PLOT columns, they are similar t o SCOT columns except solid support materials are attached to the inner column wall where the particles themselves are the stationary phase. There support materials can be glass powder or microcrystalline materials rather than particulate support.Diagram 4 cross section of WCOT, SCOT and PLOT columnsGenerally, capillary columns are favored over packed columns and WCOT columns are more economical than SCOT columns in Gas Chromatography. The table below shows further comparison of capillary (WCOT) and packed columns.ParameterCapillary ColumnPacked columnEfficiency (plates/m)100000Sample size (ng)10-7510-1000000Realtive pressureLowHigh sexual congress speedFastSlowChemical inertnessBestPoorestColumn flexibilityYesNoResolutionGoodPoor